unit 9 Flashcards
target organ
target sites where hormone acts; has specific protein receptors
amino acid based hormones
made of proteins, peptides, and amines
steroid hormones
crosses membrane easily; made from cholesterol
endocrine system
-Second controlling system of the body
-Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood
hormones control what several major processes
Reproduction
Growth and development
Mobilization of body defenses
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Regulation of metabolism
prostaglandins
made from highly active lipids that act as local hormones
direct gene activation
used by steroid hormones and thyroid hormones
second messenger systems
used by protein and peptide hormones
direct gene activation steps
- Steroid hormones (and thyroid hormones) diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells
- Once inside the cell, hormone enters the nucleus
- Then, the hormone binds to a specific protein within the nucleus
- Hormone-receptor complex binds to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
- Certain genes are activated to transcribe messenger RNA
- New proteins are synthesized
second messenger systems steps
hormone (first messenger) -> activates enzyme -> catalyzes reaction to produce second messenger molecule
negative feedback
- maintains hormone levels in blood
- a stimulus or low hormone levels
- stops once an appropriate level in blood is reached
- restores homeostasis and then hormone levels decrease
positive feedback
hormone levels don’t decrease; blood clots, child birth, lactation
tropic hormone
causing release of second hormone from endocrine gland; FSH, LH, TSH and TH, ACTH
hormonal stimuli
endocrine organs are activated by other hormones; most common; hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine
glands to secrete hormones
humoral stimuli
changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release; parathyroid hormone and insulin
neural stimuli
nerve fibers stimulate release; under control of sympathetic nervous system; epinephrine and norepinephrine
endocrine glands
ductless glands; hormones directly into blood or lymph (organ that produces hormones)
exocrine glands
organs that produce hormones and other products (mixed)
anterior lobe
produces releasing hormones; proteins or peptides (function through secondary messengers) releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones
posterior lobe
makes products and stores them; ADH and oxytocin making and storing - hypothalamus to posterior
ADH
kidney; urine volume decreases and increases blood pressure