unit 5 Flashcards
axial skeleton
cranial, facial, and vertebral columns
appendicular skeleton
126 of 206 bones; pectoral girdle, upper and lower limb bones, pelvic girdle; attached axial skeleton
5 major functions of skeletal system
support
protection
movement
stores minerals and fats
blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
microscopic structure of compact bone
dense, smooth, and homogeneous; formed of osteons (osteocytes, lacunae, lamellae, central canal, canaliculi)
microscopic structure of spongy bone
needlelike pieces of bones; many open spaces; formed of trabeculae; blood cell formation in open spaces
4 main groups of bones
long, flat, short, irregular
long bone
bones that are longer than they are wide
- upper and lower appendages
- mostly compact bone and spongy bone at the ends
ex: femur, humerus, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
short bone
bones of the wrist and ankles
- cube shaped
- mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
ex: patella and sesamoid
flat bone
These bones are thin, flat, and curved
- two thin layers of compact bone sandwich a layer of spongy bone between them
- more hematopoiesis occurs in flat bones than long bones
ex: cranium, ribs, sternum, scapula
irregular bone
face, vertebrae, os coxa/pelvis
epiphysis
ends of bones; spongy bone (hematopoiesis), articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
diaphysis
compact bone; covered by periosteum
periosteum
fibrous connective membrane around bones
endosteum
connective tissue lining inside of shaft; contains medullary cavity (yellow marrow)
bone salts
make the bone hard to resist compression; nonliving portion of bone
organic matrix (organic parts of bone)
collagen fibers; provide bones flexibility and ability to stretch without breaking
bone formation
ossification; hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes; osteoblasts and osteocytes; growth and sex hormones
bone remodeling
remodels in response to calcium ion level and pull of gravity and muscles; parathyroid and calcitonin hormones; osteoclasts
simple fracture
closed; doesn’t penetrate skin
compound fracture
open; broken bone that does penetrate through skin
4 stages of bone fracture healing
(6-8 weeks)
-hematoma (blood filled swelling, bruise)
-callus (fibrocartilage)
-bony callus (replaces fibrocartilage w bone)
-bone remodeling
fetus skull vs adult
fetus skull is larger compared to their face and body; by adulthood everything equals/balances out
- more bones than adult skull
fontanels
fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones (soft spots); allow compression for birthing
cervical vertebra
atlas (holds skull); axis (below allowing head to move); 3 holes = atlas; concave; 7 vertebrae
thoracic vertebra
allows for rotation; convex; 12 vertebrae
lumbar vertebra
no rotation; concave; 5 vertebrae; most likely to injure
sacrum vertebra
fuses; convex; 5 vertebrae
coccyx vertebra
4 fused vertebrae; tailbone
intervertebral discs
fibrocartilage between vertebrae; cushion and absorb shock
spinal curvatures (differences)
primary (C-shaped in newborns) and secondary (S-shaped in adults)
scoliosis
sideways curvature of spine
lordosis
inward curvature of spine