unit 5 Flashcards
axial skeleton
cranial, facial, and vertebral columns
appendicular skeleton
126 of 206 bones; pectoral girdle, upper and lower limb bones, pelvic girdle; attached axial skeleton
5 major functions of skeletal system
support
protection
movement
stores minerals and fats
blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
microscopic structure of compact bone
dense, smooth, and homogeneous; formed of osteons (osteocytes, lacunae, lamellae, central canal, canaliculi)
microscopic structure of spongy bone
needlelike pieces of bones; many open spaces; formed of trabeculae; blood cell formation in open spaces
4 main groups of bones
long, flat, short, irregular
long bone
bones that are longer than they are wide
- upper and lower appendages
- mostly compact bone and spongy bone at the ends
ex: femur, humerus, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
short bone
bones of the wrist and ankles
- cube shaped
- mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
ex: patella and sesamoid
flat bone
These bones are thin, flat, and curved
- two thin layers of compact bone sandwich a layer of spongy bone between them
- more hematopoiesis occurs in flat bones than long bones
ex: cranium, ribs, sternum, scapula
irregular bone
face, vertebrae, os coxa/pelvis
epiphysis
ends of bones; spongy bone (hematopoiesis), articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
diaphysis
compact bone; covered by periosteum
periosteum
fibrous connective membrane around bones
endosteum
connective tissue lining inside of shaft; contains medullary cavity (yellow marrow)
bone salts
make the bone hard to resist compression; nonliving portion of bone
organic matrix (organic parts of bone)
collagen fibers; provide bones flexibility and ability to stretch without breaking
bone formation
ossification; hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes; osteoblasts and osteocytes; growth and sex hormones
bone remodeling
remodels in response to calcium ion level and pull of gravity and muscles; parathyroid and calcitonin hormones; osteoclasts
simple fracture
closed; doesn’t penetrate skin
compound fracture
open; broken bone that does penetrate through skin
4 stages of bone fracture healing
(6-8 weeks)
-hematoma (blood filled swelling, bruise)
-callus (fibrocartilage)
-bony callus (replaces fibrocartilage w bone)
-bone remodeling
fetus skull vs adult
fetus skull is larger compared to their face and body; by adulthood everything equals/balances out
- more bones than adult skull
fontanels
fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones (soft spots); allow compression for birthing
cervical vertebra
atlas (holds skull); axis (below allowing head to move); 3 holes = atlas; concave; 7 vertebrae
thoracic vertebra
allows for rotation; convex; 12 vertebrae
lumbar vertebra
no rotation; concave; 5 vertebrae; most likely to injure
sacrum vertebra
fuses; convex; 5 vertebrae
coccyx vertebra
4 fused vertebrae; tailbone
intervertebral discs
fibrocartilage between vertebrae; cushion and absorb shock
spinal curvatures (differences)
primary (C-shaped in newborns) and secondary (S-shaped in adults)
scoliosis
sideways curvature of spine
lordosis
inward curvature of spine
kyphosis
vertebrae thins out and collapses; top of back is more rounded; hunchback
components of thoracic cage
sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebra
true ribs
1-7; attached directly to sternum by costal cartilage
false ribs
8-12; attached indirectly or not attached at all
floating ribs
11-12; no cartilage or attachments
male vs female pelvis
pubic arch is wider on females; females is U shaped for childbirth and sacrum is left curved; males are V shaped
specific pelvis bone
ilium, ischium, pubis
entire pelvis bone
os coxa
synarthroses
skull; immovable; fibrous
amphiarthoses
spine; slightly movable, cartilage
diarthroses
freely movable; synovial membrane; plane joint (spine, carpals), hinge joint (elbow), pivot joint (ulna, radius), condylar joint, saddle joint (opposition, thumb), ball and socket joint (shoulder)
articular capsule
synovial joint; fibrous capsule on top of synovial membrane
articular cartilage
synovial joint; end of bone
synovial membrane
synovial joint; under fibrous layer
synovial fluid
synovial joint; lubricates joints
reinforcing ligaments
synovial joint; fibrous layer of the capsule is usually reinforced with ligaments
joint cavity
enclosed by articular capsule; containing synovial fluid
major changes in skeletal development
fetal: just hyaline and fibrous cartilage membranes (soft); bone is replacing cartilage as grows; face grows to balance cranium size
rickets
vitamin D deficiency
dislocation
separation of bones where they meet at a joint
bursitis
inflammation of bursa
sprain
stretching or tearing of ligaments at joint
osetoarthritis
inflammation of bone at joint (wearing away of cartilage covering joint)
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune inflammation of synovial membrane at joint
gouty arthritis
inflammation at joint by crystals of uric acid which isn’t cleared by kidneys
osteoporosis
bone-thinning w old age
epiphyseal line
in adults
epiphyseal plate
growth plate in kids; fibrous tissue
bone markings
sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, ligaments; projections begin w T; depressions or openings begin w F
parathyroid hormone
released when calcium ion levels in blood are low
calcitonin hormones
released when hypercalcemia; high blood calcium levels
hyoid bone
upper jaw; movable base for tongue; helps w swallowing and speech
types of vertebrae
vertebral foramen (spinal cord)
processes for muscles meet w ribs
discs between body
blood vessels through transverse process/foramen
skeletal system
joints, ligaments, cartilage; fibrous cords binding bones together; divided into axial and appendicular
medullary cavity
stores red and yellow bone marrow
yellow marrow
stores fats
red marrow
produces blood cells
trabeculae
small needle-like pieces of bone
- also open spaces
osteon (Haversian system)
structural and functional unit of compact bone; complex consisting of a central canal and matrix rings
osteocytes
mature bone cells; living cells in compact bone; custodians
lacunae
Cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes, calcium and collagen fiber matrix
lamellae
Concentric circles of lacunae situated around the central (Haversian) canal
central canal (or Haversian canal)
Opening in the center of an osteon (Haversian system)
- Runs lengthwise through bone
- Carries blood vessels and nerves
canaliculi
- Tiny canals
- Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
- Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to blood/nutrient supply
osteoblasts
bone forming cells; secrete bone matrix
osteoclasts
remove bone from inner surface of diaphysis; bone destroying
hematoma
blood-filling swell or bruise
granulation tissue
delicate pink tissue composed largely of new capillaries that grow into damaged area from undamaged blood vessels nearby
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joints formed by the pubic bones of the hip articulating anteriorly
herniated discs
slipped discs; older age; weakening of ligaments in vertebral column
