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bio 111 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Kinetic energy

A

In motion; doing the work

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2
Q

Potential energy

A

Inactive or stored (ATP)

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3
Q

4 major energy forms

A

Chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

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4
Q

Chemical energy

A

Stored in chemical bonds of substances

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5
Q

Electrical energy

A

movement of charged particles

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6
Q

Mechanical energy

A

Energy directed involved in moving matter

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7
Q

Radiant energy

A

Travels in waves; electromagnetic spectrum

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8
Q

4 major elements of human body

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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9
Q

3 major subatomic particles

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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10
Q

protons

A

mass: 1; positive charges; located in nucleus

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11
Q

neutrons

A

mass: 1; no charge; located in nucleus

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12
Q

electrons

A

mass: 1/2000; negative charge; orbits around nucleus

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13
Q

radioisotope

A

heavy isotopes of certain atoms (unstable); tag and trace biological molecules through the body

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14
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms of the same element combined

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15
Q

compound

A

two or more atoms of different elements combines chemically

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16
Q

ionic bond

A

weaker than covalent; form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another (transferring of electrons)

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17
Q

polar covalent bond

A

2 charged poles; electrons are not shared (water)

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18
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

electrons shared equally between atoms (carbon dioxide)

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19
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weakest bond; hydrogen atom is attracted to negative portion of polar molecule; forms intramolecular bonds (DNA helix); responsible for surface tension

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20
Q

synthesis

A

anabolic (building); energy is absorbed to form larger molecule (amino acids to protein)

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21
Q

decomposition

A

catabolic (destructive); molecule is broken down and energy is released (glycogen to glucose)

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22
Q

exchange

A

simultaneous synthesis and decomposition ( glucose to glucose phosphate)

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23
Q

organic compound

A

contains carbon; large and covalent; can burn; carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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24
Q

inorganic compound

A

lack carbon (except carbon dioxide); will not burn; small and simple with ionic or covalent bonds; water, salt, many acids and bases

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25
Q

most important inorganic compound

A

water

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26
Q

water

A

universal solvent, high heat capacity, polar, chemical reactivity, cushioning; regulates body temp - sweat when hot, digest food, break down biological molecules

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27
Q

solute

A

substance being dissolved

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28
Q

solvent

A

substance doing the dissolving

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29
Q

solution

A

solutes are tiny; mixed/ will not separate

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30
Q

colloid

A

solutes are intermediate size; translucent mixture (will separate)

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31
Q

electrolytes (salt, acid, base)

A

ions that conduct electrical currents; easily break into ions in presence of water

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32
Q

salt

A

inorganic; ionic; contains cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-

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33
Q

acid

A

electrolytes that ionize in water and release H+; strong acids ionize completely; weak acids ionize incompletely (stay together); proton donors

34
Q

base

A

electrolytes ionize in water; release OH-; proton acceptors

35
Q

pH

A

power of hydrogen ions; based on number of protons in a solution; measures concentration of H+ in solutions; 0(acidic)-14(basic)

36
Q

monomers

A

smaller molecules that form polymers

37
Q

polymers

A

chainlike molecules made of smaller repeating units

38
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

formation of organic molecules (produces water)

39
Q

hydrolysis

A

breakdown of organic molecules (requires water)

40
Q

carbs

A

simple sugars and starch; major energy fuel

41
Q

lipids

A

phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides, unsaturated/saturated; fatty acids, glycerol; cushions organs and provides reserved energy

42
Q

proteins

A

amino acids, polypeptides; provide for construction materials for body tissues and vital for cell function

43
Q

enzyme

A

act as biological catalyst; bind to substrates at an active site to catalyze reaction

44
Q

catalyst

A

increased rate of chemical reactions

45
Q

denaturation of enzymes

A

sudden decrease or increase in temp, different pH/increase in pH

46
Q

dna

A

organic, double-stranded helix; genetic material in nucleus, provides instructions for every protein in body

47
Q

rna

A

organic, single-stranded helix; carries out dna’s instructions for protein synthesis

48
Q

ATP

A

organic; chemical energy used by all cells; chemical, transport, and mechanical work (made in mitochondria)

49
Q

reaction for ATP

A

ADP + P = ATP; ATP = ADP + P + energy for cell work

50
Q

neutral atoms

A

same neutrons and protons

51
Q

isotope

A

same protons and electrons, different neutrons

52
Q

ion

A

lost or gained electrons

53
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

54
Q

atomic mass

A

sum of protons and neutrons

55
Q

atomic weight

A

same as mass

56
Q

chemical reactions

A

atoms combine or break apart

57
Q

chemical bonds

A

interactions among electrons

58
Q

factors that influence a rate of a chemical reaction

A

temp, concentration, particle size, presence of catalyst

59
Q

neutralization reaction

A

exchange reactions

60
Q

change of 1 pH unit

A

10x change in H+ concentration

61
Q

blood pH level

A

7.35-7.45 (7.4)

62
Q

2 organic atoms

A

carbon and hydrogen

63
Q

carbs

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

64
Q

saturated fats

A

solid at room temp; bad

65
Q

unsaturated fats

A

liquid at room temp; good

66
Q

trans fats

A

oils solidified by adding hydrogen atoms at double bind sites; inc heart disease

67
Q

omega 3 fatty acids

A

fish, flax, pumpkin, chia seeds; dec heart disease

68
Q

phospholipids

A

2 fatty acid chains rather than 3 (hydrophobic); head carries electrical charge (hydrophilic)

69
Q

valance shell

A

outermost shell of atom where electrons sit (in electron cloud)

70
Q

rule of 8’s

A

2 will do for shell 1, 8 is great for 2 and 3

71
Q

heat capacity

A

absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before temp changes

72
Q

suspension

A

solute particles are large (colloid-doesn’t stay mixed)

73
Q

buffer

A

take up excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions to maintain pH stability

74
Q

functional groups

A

small, reactive parts of organic compounds

75
Q

triglycerides

A

neutral fats; composed of fatty acids and glycerol

76
Q

steroids

A

fat molecules formed by four interlocking carbon rings

77
Q

cholesterol

A

most important steroid molecule

78
Q

polypeptides

A

less than 50 amino acids

79
Q

fibrous protein

A

important in binding structures together and providing strength in certain body tissues

80
Q

globular protein

A

mobile; do things rather than form structures

81
Q

active sites

A

interact chemical with other molecules of complementary shape and charge (substrates)

bio 111 (19 decks)

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