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bio 111 > unit 3 > Flashcards

unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 major concepts of cell theory

A
  1. cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living things
  2. activity of organism depends on collective activities of its cell
  3. structure determines function
  4. continuity of life is cellular
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2
Q

4 elements that make up most living matter

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

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3
Q

water takes up how much of a cell

A

60%; intracellular fluid

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4
Q

generalized cell

A

structural and functional unit of living things

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5
Q

3 components of a generalized cell

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

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6
Q

structures of cell nucleus

A

nuclear envelope: double membrane, bounds the
nucleus, nuclear pores allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell, Encloses nucleoplasm; nucleolus: assembles ribosomes; chromatin: composed of DNA, condenses to form chromosomes when cell divides

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7
Q

chemical composition of plasma membrane

A

(semipermeable) 2 layers of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, sugar groups

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8
Q

organization of plasma membrane

A
  1. general
  2. hydrophilic (water loving; polar head)
  3. hydrophobic (water hating; non polar tail)
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9
Q

function of cholesterol

A

strength

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10
Q

function of proteins

A

transport; enzymes and receptors

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11
Q

function of sugar groups

A

glycoproteins and glycocalyx; cell identification

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12
Q

tight junctions

A

zipper; fusing together (binding); impermeable

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13
Q

desmosomes

A

rivets; button like thickenings; anchoring

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14
Q

gap junctions

A

opens for communications; hollow cinders of proteins; molecules traveling from cell to cell

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol (fluid), inclusions (chemical substances), organelles (actual structures)

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16
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid in the cell; cytosol in plasma membrane (potassium and phosphate ions)

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17
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside the cell; blood plasma and interstitial fluid (sodium and chloride ions)

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18
Q

passive transport

A

no need for energy

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19
Q

active transport

A

uses energy (ATP)

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20
Q

simple diffusion

A

small, fat soluble molecules, unassisted process

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21
Q

osmosis

A

simple diffusion of water, through aquaporin (lets only water through); assisted process

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22
Q

flitration

A

critical for kidneys, forced through membrane by fluid- hydrostatic or pressure; pressure gradient must exist

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23
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

protein molecules that act as carriers; large substances; glucose too big so has own channel (needs hormones or insulin)

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24
Q

active transport (solute pumping)

A

against concentration gradient (spread out); too large to travel through membranes

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25
Q

vesicular transport

A

moved across membrane in bulk without actually crossing the plasma membrane

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26
Q

exocytosis

A

excrete; out

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27
Q

endocytosis

A

pulls in; enclosed

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28
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

selective process for enzymes, hormones, cholesterol, and iron

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29
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating; WBC; protective mechanism

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30
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking; taking in particles (nutrients)

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31
Q

isotonic solution

A

same solution; balanced (.9%)

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32
Q

hypertonic solution

A

more solutes; shrink

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33
Q

hypotonic solution

A

fewer solutes; cells plump with more water

34
Q

cell life cycle

A

series of changes the cell experiences from the time it is formed until it divides

35
Q

2 major periods during cell life cycle

A

interphase (metabolic phase, longer) and cell division

36
Q

DNA replication

A

genetic material duplicated; in the nucleus; at the end of interphase

37
Q

2 events during cell division

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

38
Q

mitosis

A

division of nucleus;PMAT

39
Q

prophase

A

nuclear envelope is broken; centrioles reappear

40
Q

metaphase

A

line in middle

41
Q

anaphase

A

pulled apart to sides

42
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes back to chromatin, envelope appears

43
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm; two daughter cells exist

44
Q

gene

A

DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein of polypeptide chain

45
Q

protein

A

fibrous or globular; building materials or enzymes

46
Q

protein synthesis

A

DNA information is coded into a sequence of bases; DNA keeps code safe and RNA helps deliver

47
Q

3 varieties of RNA

A

tRNA: transfer
rRNA: ribosomal
mRNA: messenger

48
Q

transcription

A

transfers info from DNAs base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA (making copy)

49
Q

translation

A

base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to amino acid sequence (involves all 3 types); copying cytoplasm

50
Q

inflammation stage

A

sets the stage; clot walls off injured area

51
Q

granulation stage

A

tissue forms; rebuild collagen fibers

52
Q

regeneration and fibrosis

A

replacement of destroyed tissue (can’t see mark); scar repair (dense connective tissue)

53
Q

regenerates well

A

fibrous connective tissue and bone; skin and mucous membrane

54
Q

regenerates poorly

A

skeletal muscle

55
Q

forms scar tissue

A

cardiac muscle, nervous tissue in brain and spinal cord

56
Q

muscle and nervous are amitotic

A

making fibers you have bigger and not getting more (stops dividing)

57
Q

neoplasm

A

both benign and canerous

58
Q

benign

A

non cancerous; doesn’t spread

59
Q

malignant

A

cancerous and spreads

60
Q

hyperplasia

A

inc in size

61
Q

atrophy

A

dec in size (cast causes muscles to shrink)

62
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse; creates ATP

63
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis/production; located in cytoplasm and rough ER

64
Q

ER

A

smooth (no ribosomes, lipid metabolism, detoxifying drugs and poisons) and rough (ribosomes, protein synthesis)

65
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

packages proteins and directs them (modifies, FedEx)

66
Q

lysosomes

A

digests old cells

67
Q

peroxisomes

A

sacs that detoxify harmful substances

68
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments for structure

69
Q

centrioles

A

cell divison

70
Q

suface extensions

A

cilia, flagella, microvilli

71
Q

cilia

A

respiratory system to move mucus and egg

72
Q

flagella

A

movement

73
Q

microvilli

A

extensions to inc surface area; fingerlike; no movement

74
Q

solution

A

homogeneous mixture

75
Q

shock

A

low blood pressure causing death by kidney failure; binucleate and multinucleate cells result; common in liver and skeletal muscle (cytoplasm isn’t divided)

76
Q

binucleate

A

2 nuclei

77
Q

multinucleate

A

multiple

78
Q

codons

A

3 base sequences on mRNA

79
Q

anticodons

A

3 base sequences on on their head that can temporarily bind to complementary codons

80
Q

carcinogens

A

capable of causing cancer

81
Q

metastasis

A

development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer

bio 111 (19 decks)

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