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bio 111 > unit 6 > Flashcards

unit 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached to bone
striated
multinucleate
very long
voluntary
slow to fast contraction
no rhythm
attached by tendon to bone
*maintains body temp and stabilizes joints

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2
Q

smooth muscle

A

walls of hollow visceral organs
uninucleate
involuntary
very slow contraction
yes rhythm

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3
Q

cardiac muscle

A

shorter and branching
heart
striated
uninucleate
intercalated discs
involuntary
slow contraction
some rhythm

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4
Q

muscular system

A

contraction and shortening of muscles due to movement of microfilaments; moves bones and substances

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5
Q

endomysium

A

encloses a single muscle fiber; connective tissue (thin covering); fascia to tendons

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6
Q

perimysium

A

wraps around fascicle of muscle fibers

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7
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers

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8
Q

epimysium

A

covers entire muscle

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9
Q

tendon

A

cord; formed by fascia (outside of epimysium); collagen; crosses joints; connects muscle to bone

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10
Q

aponeurosis

A

sheet; specialized flat tendon; attaches indirectly to bone, cartilage, or connective tissue coverings

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11
Q

sarcolemma

A

specialized plasma membrane

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12
Q

myofibrils

A

long organelle inside muscle cell (a bands and I bands) that give striated look

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13
Q

a bands

A

myosin myofilaments; thick; heads form cross bridges to actin; full length of band

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14
Q

I bands

A

actin myofilaments; thin; attached to z disc; only a space

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15
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

stores and releases calcium; type of smooth; specialized endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

sarcomere

A

contracting unit of muscle fibers; extends from one z band to another

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17
Q

action potential

A

electrical current generated along muscle fiber membrane and is the signal to trigger a contraction

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18
Q

motor neuron

A

allows contraction

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19
Q

motor unit

A

one motor neuron and all skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

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20
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

gap between nerve ending and muscle cell

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21
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between motor neuron and muscle fiber

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22
Q

axon terminal

A

end of nerve

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23
Q

motor end plate

A

position on cell where the nerve fiber connects

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24
Q

graded response

A

different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening

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25
Q

tetanus

A

response to prolonged stimulation; fused (complete-so rapid that no relaxation is detected) and unfused (incomplete-smoother and stronger)

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26
Q

isotonic contraction

A

myofilaments are able to slide past each other; shortening

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27
Q

isometric contraction

A

muscle filaments are pitted against immoveable object while trying to slide; can’t shorten past certain point

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28
Q

muscle tone

A

continuous low level of contraction; firm, healthy muscles

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29
Q

three pathways for atp regeneration during muscle activity

A
  1. direct phosphorylation of adp by creative phosphate
  2. aerobic pathway
  3. anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation (burning muscles)
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30
Q

oxygen debt

A

rapid, deep breathing to restore oxygen

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31
Q

muscle fatigue

A

muscle activity is strenuous and prolonged; lack of oxygen

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32
Q

causes of muscle fatigue

A

lack of oxygen
decrease atp supply
ion imbalances

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33
Q

aerobic exercise

A

endurance; jogging; stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resistance to fatigue; helps digestions and metabolism and coordination

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34
Q

resistance exercise

A

isometric; weight lifting; increase in muscle size and strength

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35
Q

origin

A

fixed, immovable attachment; superior to insertion

36
Q

insertion

A

movable attachment

37
Q

prime mover

A

produces the movement (agonist)

38
Q

antagonist

A

opposed or reverses movement

39
Q

sygernist

A

reduces undesirable or unnecessary movement; aids prime mover

40
Q

fixator

A

immobilizes origin of prime mover so all tension is exerted at insertion

41
Q

flexion

A

bending at joint

42
Q

extension

A

straightening at joint

43
Q

adduction

A

toward body

44
Q

abduction

A

away from body

45
Q

lateral rotation

A

away from body

46
Q

medial rotation

A

toward body

47
Q

dorsiflexion

A

flexes foot

48
Q

plantar flexion

A

points foot

49
Q

inversion

A

foot inwards

50
Q

eversion

A

ankle outwards

51
Q

pronation

A

palm down

52
Q

supination

A

palm up

53
Q

7 criteria in naming muscles

A
  1. direction of muscle fibers
  2. size
  3. location
  4. number of origins
  5. location of origin and insertion
  6. shape
  7. action
54
Q

importance of nerve supply and exercise in keeping muscles healthy

A

if the nerve supply is lost, the muscle is no longer stimulated; loses tone and leads to paralysis - flaccid

55
Q

changes in aging muscles

A

connective tissue increases; muscle tissue and strength decreases; becomes stringy

56
Q

nutrients to bones cells

A

perforating canals
central canals
canaliculi
lacuna (cave where bone cells live)
osteocyte (bone cell)

57
Q

muscular system pt 2

A

maintains posture and body position
stabilizes joints
generates heat

58
Q

myofibrils pt 2

A

made of proteins;
muscle fiber -> myofibril -> myofilaments

59
Q

sliding filament theory

A

slide thin and thick over to shorten muscle; H and I temporarily disappear with overlapping

60
Q

cross bridge cycle needs

A

calcium and atp for contraction

61
Q

skeletal muscles function

A

irritability
contractibility
extensibility
elasticity

62
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical released by nerve in axon terminal (acetylcholine)

63
Q

hypertrophy vs atrophy

A

building; weakening

64
Q

bursa

A

freely movable

65
Q

posterior vs anterior

A

extender; flexor (front = flex)

66
Q

flaccid

A

soft; hanging loosely

67
Q

ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

A

A nervous system disease that weakens muscles and impacts physical function

68
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

a chronic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscle, resulting in weakness of the skeletal muscles

69
Q

anaerobic glycolysis

A

process of breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen

70
Q

opposition

A

resistance

71
Q

lactic acid

A

produced in muscle cells and red blood cells

72
Q

creatine phosphate

A

atp provides energy for a muscle contraction and is regenerated by direct phosphorylation by cp

73
Q

muscles that move bones and are under conscious control

A

voluntary

74
Q

muscle tissue that isn’t under conscious control

A

involuntary

75
Q

acetylcholine

A

chemical released when nerve impulse reaches nerve ending

76
Q

acetylcholine binds to the muscle cell membrane causing a temporary rush of what into muscle cell

A

sodium

77
Q

acetylcholine binds to the muscle cell membrane causing a temporary rush of what into muscle cell

A

sodium

78
Q

twitch

A

single contraction

79
Q

aerobic respiration

A

lasts about 20 seconds; most energy at rest and light exercise

80
Q

anaerobic respration

A

using glucose and other nutrient fuels; intense exercise - burning sensation

81
Q

direction of muscle fibers

A

rectus abdominus

82
Q

relative size

A

gluteus maximus

83
Q

location

A

temporalis

84
Q

number of origins

A

triceps brachii

85
Q

location of origin and insertion

A

sternocleidomastoid

86
Q

shape

A

deltiod

87
Q

action

A

adductor Magnus

bio 111 (19 decks)

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