unit 10 (blood) Flashcards
blood transports:
nutrients
waste
hormones
body heat
composition of blood
formed elements and plasma
volume of blood
5.5 L (5-6L)
composition of plasma
90% water
plasma proteins (albumin, clotting proteins, antibodies, enzymes)
albumin
an important blood buffer and contributes to osmotic pressure
clotting proteins
help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
antibodies
help protect the body from pathogens
enzymes
catalyze chemical reactions
RBC
erythrocytes; carry oxygen, anucleate, hemoglobin; normal: 5 million
hemoglobin
iron containing protein; binds oxygen; normal: 12-18 g/dl
homeostatic imbalance: anemia’s 3 causes
Lower-than-normal number of RBCs
Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs
Insufficient Iron in diet
increase in RBC
slows blood flow and increases blood viscosity (thickness)
WBC
leukocytes; defense against disease, has nucleus, diapedesis; granulocytes and agranulocytes; normal: 4,800 to 10,800
diapedesis
can move in and out of blood vessels
granulocytes
can see granules in cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
agranulocytes
lack visible granules in cytoplasm; lymphocytes and monocytes
most abundant to least (WBC)
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils
most numerous; phagocytes; 40-70%
eosinophils
red/pink granules; kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks; 1-4%
basophils
rarest; dark granules; allergy attack; 0-1%
lymphocytes
large, dark nucleus; antibodies; 20-45%
monocytes
largest; macrophages; fights chronic infection; 4-8%
platelets
thrombocytes; fragments, clotting process; normal: 300,000
hematopoiesis
in red bone marrow; blood cell formation of RBC and WBC; common stem cells
hemocytoblast
all blood cells are derived from a common stem cell
erythropoietin
rate of RBC production and controlled by a hormone; kidneys;
Thrombopoietin
stimulates production of platelets
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
Hemostasis
stopping the bleeding that results from a break in a blood vessel
hemostasis 3 phases
vascular spasms
platelet plug formation
coagulation
vascular spasms
Immediate response to blood vessel injury
Vasoconstriction (due to release of the hormone Prostaglandin at injury site) causes blood vessel to spasm
Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
platelet plug formation
Collagen fibers are exposed and Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
coagulation
blood clotting; Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF), clotting cascade is triggered, prothrombin to thrombin -> Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin -> fibrinogen -> fibrin
undesirable clotting
thrombus and embolus
thrombus
stationary clot
embolus
moving clot
antigens
self or foreign
antibodies
recognizes that bind foreign antigens
transfusion reaction
stopping pressure
sites of blood cell formation
liver, spleen, bone marrow
anemia
any decrease in oxygen-carrying ability die to blood
sickle cell anemia
abnormally shaped hemoglobin
polycythemia
excessive or abnormal increase of RBC due to bone marrow cancer and life at higher altitudes
leukopenia
abnormally low WBC count by drugs
leukocytosis
above normal count due to infection
leukemia
bone marrow becomes cancerous
thrombocytopenia
insufficient number of platelets
hemophilia
hereditary; normal clotting factors are missing
hemolysis
rupture of RBCs
