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bio 111 > unit 8 > Flashcards

unit 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

accessory eye structures

A

extrinsic eye muscles
eyelids
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus

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2
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A

six muscles attached to outer surface of eye and produce eye movements

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3
Q

eyelids

A

eyelashes; tarsal glands produce oily secretions to lubricate eye; ciliary gland between eyelashes

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4
Q

conjunctiva

A

mucus membrane around eye that secretes mucus to lubricate eye

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5
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

lacrimal gland produces tears that drain to lacrimal canaliculi -> lacrimal sacs -> nasolacrimal duct -> nasal cavity

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6
Q

3 layers of eye

A

fibrous, vascular, sensory

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7
Q

fibrous layer

A

outside; sclera and cornea

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8
Q

vascular layer

A

middle; choroid (blood vessels)

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9
Q

sensory layer

A

inside; retina; outer pigmented layer absorbs light (bipolar neuron); inner neural layer contains the photoreceptors

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10
Q

rods

A

edges of retina; vision in dim light and peripheral vision (corners); all perception of gray tones

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11
Q

cones

A

detailed color vision; densest in center of retina; fovea centralis; 3 types that are sensitive to different wavelengths of visible light (blue, green and red)

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12
Q

special senses

A

smell, taste, sight, hearing, and equilibrium (balance)

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13
Q

percentage of sensory receptors in eyes

A

70%

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14
Q

humors

A

fluid that fills interior of eyeball

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15
Q

lens

A

divides eye into 2 chambers; aqueous humor and vitreous humor; held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the
ciliary body

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16
Q

anterior chamber

A

aqueous humor; watery; Helps maintain intraocular pressure and Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea; Reabsorbed into venous blood through the scleral venous sinus, or canal of Schlemm

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17
Q

posterior chamber

A

vitreous humor; jelly like; Prevents the eye from collapsing and Helps maintain intraocular pressure; holds retina in place

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18
Q

choroid

A

blood-rich nutritive layer that contains a pigment; prevents light from scattering

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19
Q

ciliary body

A

iris; moves muscles of eye

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20
Q

iris

A

smooth muscle; regulates amount of light entering eye

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21
Q

pupil

A

opening of eye

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22
Q

tapetum lucidum

A

reflective part in eye for seeing in dark

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23
Q

fovea centralis

A

lateral to blind spots; only cones; visual acuity (sharpest vision)

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24
Q

blind spots

A

no photoreceptors

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25
Q

cataract

A

lens becomes hardened and cloudy

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26
Q

glycoma (glaucoma)

A

aqueous fluid doesn’t drain; pressure

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27
Q

pathway of light

A

-light must be focused on a point on retina (fovea centralis)
-light is bent by cornea, lens, humors then retina
-eye is set or distance (over 20ft)
-accommodation
-image is formed

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28
Q

how image forms

A

-cornea and humors (curve and fluid bend light)
-lens (flat-distant and convex-near vision)
-ciliary body muscle (attached to lens contracting)
-real image (reversed from left to right, upside down, and smaller than object

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29
Q

accommodation

A

lens must change shape to focus on closer objects

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30
Q

astigmatism

A

images are blurry; light focusing as lines and not points; unequal curvature of cornea or lens

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31
Q

emmetropia

A

eyes focus images correctly on retina

32
Q

hyperopia

A

convex; farsightedness; near is blurry; eyeball is short from lazy lens; focused behind retina

33
Q

myopia

A

concave; nearsightedness; far away is blurry; eyeball is too long-light fails to reach retina; focused in front of retina

34
Q

refraction

A

bending light; curve and fluid bend light

35
Q

convergence

A

reflexive movement of eyes medially when we focus on a close subject

36
Q

photo pupillary reflex

A

bright light causes pupils to constrict (iris - smooth muscles)

37
Q

accommodation pupillary reflex

A

viewing close objects causes pupil to constrict

38
Q

external ear

A

-auricle (pinna)
-external acoustic meatus (auditory canal)
-tympanic membrane
-only collecting sound waves

39
Q

middle ear

A

-tympanic cavity between tympanic membrane, oval window, and round window
-only senses of hearing
-pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube): equalizes pressure
-3 bones: transmits vibrations to inner ear

40
Q

internal ear

A

-sense organs for hearing and balance
-bony labyrinth (cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals) with perilymph fluid

41
Q

static equilibrium

A

(vestibule and maculae) not moving or changing; head is moving and body is still
-vestibular nerve travels to pons and cerebellum to maintain balance

42
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

(crista ampullaris) head and body moving through space or separate movements

43
Q

maculae

A

helps keep head erect; reports position of head; otoliths (tiny stones)

44
Q

crista ampullaris

A

responds to angular or rotational movements of head; semicircular canals

45
Q

spiral organ of corti

A

in cochlear duct; cochlear nerve to auditory cortex on temporal lobe (transmits nerve impulses); sound waves coming and going

46
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

damage to nervous system structures involving hearing

47
Q

conductive deafness

A

when transmission of sound vibrations through external and middle ears are hindered

48
Q

olfactory receptors

A

roof of nasal cavity; olfactory receptor cells (neurons) (nerve to cortex); interprets smells; bipolar neurons

49
Q

taste receptors

A

tongue, soft palate, superior part of pharynx, and cheeks; papillae contains receptors; gustatory hairs = stimulated by salvia

50
Q

5 basic taste sensations

A

sweet
sour
bitter
salty
umami

51
Q

vision changes

A

infants have poor vision and lack color vision and depth perception; will continue to grow and mature; presbyopia: lens elasticity decreases-difficulty focusing on close vision

52
Q

hearing changes

A

infants can’t hear; toddlers will start imitating sounds; sensorineural deafness; presbycosis: (otosclerosis) ear bones fuse

53
Q

taste and smell changes

A

acute at birth and decrease in sensitivity as older; damage hair; anosmia

54
Q

optic nerve

A

Bundle of axons that exit the back of the eye carrying impulses from the retina

55
Q

optic chiasma

A

-where the optic nerves cross
-Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain
-fibers from the lateral side of each eye stay on same side of brain

56
Q

Optic tracts

A

Contain fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye; Synapse with neurons in the thalamus

57
Q

Optic radiation

A

Axons from the thalamus run to the occipital lobe; Synapse with cortical cells, and vision interpretation (seeing) occurs

58
Q

what does the ear house

A

hearing and equilibrium senses

59
Q

chemoreceptors

A

receptors; smell and taste

60
Q

oval window

A

sound enters

61
Q

round window

A

excess sound pressure exits

62
Q

high pitched noise

A

receptor cells are close to oval window;; short and snap off

63
Q

low pitched noise

A

specific hair cells that are further along cochlea are affected; longer and floppy

64
Q

3 nerves for taste

A

-Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
-Glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)
-Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

65
Q

special sense receptors

A

-Large, complex sensory organs
-Localized clusters of receptors

66
Q

lateral rectus

A

outside; move eye laterally (abducens VI)

67
Q

medial rectus

A

internal; move eye medially

68
Q

superior rectus

A

elevates eye and turns medially

69
Q

inferior rectus

A

depresses eye and turns medially

70
Q

inferior oblique

A

elevates eye and turns laterally

71
Q

superior oblique

A

hooks into trochlea; depresses eye and turns laterally (trochlear IV)

72
Q

visual acuity

A

farsighted

73
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

receptors for hearing and balance

74
Q

cupula

A

gelatinous cap that covers tufts of hair in semicircular canals/crista ampullaris

75
Q

basilar membrane

A

contains hair receptors in spiral organ of corti

76
Q

tectorial membrane

A

gel-like; capable of bending hair
cells in spiral organ of corti

bio 111 (19 decks)

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