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bio 111 > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anatomy

A

study of body structure

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of body function

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3
Q

atoms

A

smallest chemical building block

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4
Q

molecules

A

2 or more atoms combined together

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5
Q

cells

A

smallest unit of living things

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6
Q

integumentary system (structures)

A

skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails

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7
Q

skeletal system (structures)

A

bones, cartilage, joints

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8
Q

muscular system (structures)

A

all muscles in body

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9
Q

nervous system (structures)

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

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10
Q

endocrine system (structures)

A

endocrine glands and hormones

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11
Q

cardiovascular system (structures)

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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12
Q

lymphatic system (structures)

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

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13
Q

respiratory system (structures)

A

nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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14
Q

digestive system (structures)

A

tube from mouth to anus; oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anus, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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15
Q

urinary system (structures)

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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16
Q

reproductive system (structures)

A

testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system; ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

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17
Q

integumentary system (functions)

A

waterproofs, protects deeper tissues, produces vitamin D with sunlight, excretes salt in sweat and helps regulate temperature, sensory receptors report what’s happening at skins surface

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18
Q

skeletal system (functions)

A

framework, protection (skull around brain), blood cells are produced in its cavities, stores minerals

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19
Q

muscular system (functions)

A

produces movement through contractions, skeletal muscles attach to and move bones, other muscles move fluids and other substances through organs

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20
Q

nervous system (functions)

A

sensory receptors detect changes (stimuli), send nerve impulses to CNS, CNS assesses info, responds to activating efforts (muscles and glands)

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21
Q

endocrine system (functions)

A

slower control system, glands produce hormones that regulate other structures, hormones travel in body to control growth

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22
Q

cardiovascular system (functions)

A

delivers o2, nutrients, hormones, and others to cells; removes waste (co2) from cells, WBC and chemicals protect against foreign invaders, heart pumps blood to all body tissues

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23
Q

lymphatic system (functions)

A

returns tissue fluid to blood, cleanses blood, WBC provide immunity

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24
Q

respiratory system (functions)

A

supplies o2, removes co2, gas exchange occurs in tiny air sacs in lungs

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25
Q

digestive system (functions)

A

breaks down food, delivers nutrients to blood for distribution, breakdown for water reabsorption, eliminates dietary waste as feces

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26
Q

urinary system (functions)

A

removes nitrogen-containing waste from blood

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27
Q

reproductive system (functions)

A

produces offspring; testes produce sperm and duct system carries sperm out of body, ovaries produce eggs and uterus houses fetus until birth

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28
Q

responsiveness or irritability

A

ability to sense changes and react

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29
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions within the body

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30
Q

metabolism (function)

A

breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones, builds larger molecules from smaller ones, produces energy in the form of ATP, regulated by hormones

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31
Q

reproduction

A

(to produce offspring) cellular level: new cells are used for growth and repair; organismal level: reproductive system handles the task

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32
Q

growth

A

increase cell or body size, hormones play an important role

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33
Q

nutrients

A

chemicals used for energy and cell building (carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals)

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34
Q

oxygen

A

required for chemical reactions, made available by the corporation of the respiratory and cardiovascular system

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35
Q

water

A

60-80% of body weight, most abundant chemical, provides fluid base for body secretions and exertions

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36
Q

normal body temp

A

37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F

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37
Q

anatomical position

A

standard body position and used to avoid confusion; stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at sides with palms facing forwards and thumbs pointing away from body

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38
Q

superior (cranial)

A

towards head

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39
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

away from head

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40
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

toward front of body

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41
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

toward backside of body

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42
Q

medial

A

toward midline

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43
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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44
Q

intermediate

A

between medial and lateral structures

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45
Q

proximal

A

closest to point of attachment to the trunk (down body)

46
Q

distal

A

furthest from point of attachment to trunk (up body)

47
Q

superficial (external)

A

toward body surface

48
Q

deep (internal)

A

away from body surface

49
Q

abdominal

A

abdomen

50
Q

acromial

A

top of shoulder

51
Q

antebrachial

A

lower arm

52
Q

antecubital

A

front of elbow

53
Q

axillary

A

armpit

54
Q

brachial

A

upper arm

55
Q

buccal

A

cheek

56
Q

carpal

A

wrist

57
Q

cervical

A

neck

58
Q

coxal

A

hip

59
Q

crural

A

leg

60
Q

deltoid

A

shoulder

61
Q

digital

A

fingers and toes

62
Q

femoral

A

thigh

63
Q

fibular

A

side of leg

64
Q

frontal

A

forehead

65
Q

inguinal

A

groin

66
Q

mental

A

chin

67
Q

nasal/nasal cavity

A

nose

68
Q

oral/oral cavity

A

mouth

69
Q

orbital/orbital cavity

A

eye

70
Q

patellar

A

front of knee

71
Q

pectoral

A

chest

72
Q

pelvic

A

pelvis

73
Q

pubic

A

genital region

74
Q

sternal

A

breastbone

75
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

76
Q

thoracic

A

chest region

77
Q

umbilical

A

naval, belly button

78
Q

calcaneal

A

heel

79
Q

cephalic

A

head

80
Q

gluteal

A

buttock

81
Q

lumbar

A

lower back

82
Q

occipital

A

back of head

83
Q

olecranal

A

back of elbow

84
Q

popliteal

A

back of knee

85
Q

sural

A

calf

86
Q

sacral

A

between hips

87
Q

scapular

A

shoulder blade

88
Q

vertebral

A

spinal column

89
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot

90
Q

section

A

cuts along plane

91
Q

plane

A

imaginary lines used to divide the body

92
Q

sagittal section

A

divides body into left and right

93
Q

midsagittal

A

equal left and right

94
Q

frontal section (coronal)

A

anterior and posterior (front and back)

95
Q

transverse (cross section)

A

superior and inferior (top and bottom)

96
Q

dorsal cavity

A

contains cranial cavity and spinal column

97
Q

cranial cavity

A

houses brain, protected by skull

98
Q

spinal cavity

A

houses spinal cord, protected by vertebrae

99
Q

ventral cavity

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

100
Q

thoracic cavity

A

heart and lungs, protected by ribs

101
Q

abdominal cavity

A

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver; protected by trunk muscles

102
Q

pelvic cavity

A

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum; protected by bony pelvis

103
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

abdominal and pelvic cavity

104
Q

middle ear cavity

A

middle ear bones (balance)

105
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining balance for a constant internal state

106
Q

receptor

A

responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) and sends info to control center

107
Q

control center

A

determines set point, analyzes into, and determines appropriate response

108
Q

effector

A

provides the means of the control centers response to the stimulus and info flows from control center to efferent along efferent pathway

109
Q

negative feedback

A

homeostatic control mechanisms, shuts off original stimulus or reduces intensity, household thermostat

110
Q

postitive feedback

A

rare in humans, increases original stimulus to push variable further, reaction occurs faster, blood clotting and during childbirth

111
Q

homeostatic imbalance

A

a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease (sick)

bio 111 (19 decks)

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