unit 1 Flashcards
anatomy
study of body structure
physiology
study of body function
atoms
smallest chemical building block
molecules
2 or more atoms combined together
cells
smallest unit of living things
integumentary system (structures)
skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails
skeletal system (structures)
bones, cartilage, joints
muscular system (structures)
all muscles in body
nervous system (structures)
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
endocrine system (structures)
endocrine glands and hormones
cardiovascular system (structures)
heart, blood vessels, blood
lymphatic system (structures)
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
respiratory system (structures)
nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
digestive system (structures)
tube from mouth to anus; oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anus, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
urinary system (structures)
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
reproductive system (structures)
testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system; ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
integumentary system (functions)
waterproofs, protects deeper tissues, produces vitamin D with sunlight, excretes salt in sweat and helps regulate temperature, sensory receptors report what’s happening at skins surface
skeletal system (functions)
framework, protection (skull around brain), blood cells are produced in its cavities, stores minerals
muscular system (functions)
produces movement through contractions, skeletal muscles attach to and move bones, other muscles move fluids and other substances through organs
nervous system (functions)
sensory receptors detect changes (stimuli), send nerve impulses to CNS, CNS assesses info, responds to activating efforts (muscles and glands)
endocrine system (functions)
slower control system, glands produce hormones that regulate other structures, hormones travel in body to control growth
cardiovascular system (functions)
delivers o2, nutrients, hormones, and others to cells; removes waste (co2) from cells, WBC and chemicals protect against foreign invaders, heart pumps blood to all body tissues
lymphatic system (functions)
returns tissue fluid to blood, cleanses blood, WBC provide immunity
respiratory system (functions)
supplies o2, removes co2, gas exchange occurs in tiny air sacs in lungs
digestive system (functions)
breaks down food, delivers nutrients to blood for distribution, breakdown for water reabsorption, eliminates dietary waste as feces
urinary system (functions)
removes nitrogen-containing waste from blood
reproductive system (functions)
produces offspring; testes produce sperm and duct system carries sperm out of body, ovaries produce eggs and uterus houses fetus until birth
responsiveness or irritability
ability to sense changes and react
metabolism
chemical reactions within the body
metabolism (function)
breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones, builds larger molecules from smaller ones, produces energy in the form of ATP, regulated by hormones
reproduction
(to produce offspring) cellular level: new cells are used for growth and repair; organismal level: reproductive system handles the task
growth
increase cell or body size, hormones play an important role
nutrients
chemicals used for energy and cell building (carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals)
oxygen
required for chemical reactions, made available by the corporation of the respiratory and cardiovascular system
water
60-80% of body weight, most abundant chemical, provides fluid base for body secretions and exertions
normal body temp
37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F
anatomical position
standard body position and used to avoid confusion; stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at sides with palms facing forwards and thumbs pointing away from body
superior (cranial)
towards head
inferior (caudal)
away from head
anterior (ventral)
toward front of body
posterior (dorsal)
toward backside of body
medial
toward midline
lateral
away from midline
intermediate
between medial and lateral structures
proximal
closest to point of attachment to the trunk (down body)
distal
furthest from point of attachment to trunk (up body)
superficial (external)
toward body surface
deep (internal)
away from body surface
abdominal
abdomen
acromial
top of shoulder
antebrachial
lower arm
antecubital
front of elbow
axillary
armpit
brachial
upper arm
buccal
cheek
carpal
wrist
cervical
neck
coxal
hip
crural
leg
deltoid
shoulder
digital
fingers and toes
femoral
thigh
fibular
side of leg
frontal
forehead
inguinal
groin
mental
chin
nasal/nasal cavity
nose
oral/oral cavity
mouth
orbital/orbital cavity
eye
patellar
front of knee
pectoral
chest
pelvic
pelvis
pubic
genital region
sternal
breastbone
tarsal
ankle
thoracic
chest region
umbilical
naval, belly button
calcaneal
heel
cephalic
head
gluteal
buttock
lumbar
lower back
occipital
back of head
olecranal
back of elbow
popliteal
back of knee
sural
calf
sacral
between hips
scapular
shoulder blade
vertebral
spinal column
plantar
sole of foot
section
cuts along plane
plane
imaginary lines used to divide the body
sagittal section
divides body into left and right
midsagittal
equal left and right
frontal section (coronal)
anterior and posterior (front and back)
transverse (cross section)
superior and inferior (top and bottom)
dorsal cavity
contains cranial cavity and spinal column
cranial cavity
houses brain, protected by skull
spinal cavity
houses spinal cord, protected by vertebrae
ventral cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
thoracic cavity
heart and lungs, protected by ribs
abdominal cavity
stomach, intestines, spleen, liver; protected by trunk muscles
pelvic cavity
urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum; protected by bony pelvis
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal and pelvic cavity
middle ear cavity
middle ear bones (balance)
homeostasis
maintaining balance for a constant internal state
receptor
responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) and sends info to control center
control center
determines set point, analyzes into, and determines appropriate response
effector
provides the means of the control centers response to the stimulus and info flows from control center to efferent along efferent pathway
negative feedback
homeostatic control mechanisms, shuts off original stimulus or reduces intensity, household thermostat
postitive feedback
rare in humans, increases original stimulus to push variable further, reaction occurs faster, blood clotting and during childbirth
homeostatic imbalance
a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease (sick)
