unit 12 (respiratory) Flashcards
several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system
mucus membranes
tonsils
hairs
cilia
epiglottis
macrophages in lungs
structure of lungs and pleural coverings
apex
base
serosa covers lungs
pleural fluid
bronchial tree
respiratory zone
conducting zone
alveoli (simple squamous, thin, holes)
pulmonary capillaries
structure of respiratory membrane
air blood barrier
formed by alveolar and capillary walls
diffusion
macrophages
cellular respiration
use of oxygen to produce atp and co2
external respiration
gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli; blood and body exterior; diffusion
internal respiration
gas exchange between blood and cells inside the body
pulmonary ventilation
breathing; air moving in and out of lungs so gases in alveoli are refreshed; volume changes in thoracic cavity leading to pressure changes
inspiration
air flowing into the lungs
expiration
air leaving the lungs
pressure and volume relationship
change in volume = change in pressure
more volume = dec in pressure
mechanical process
how respiratory muscles cause volume changes
diaphragm and intercostal muscles; contract on inspiration
tidal volume
normal quiet breathing
vital capacity
total amount of exchangeable air
expiratory reserve volume
forcibly exhale too much after tidal expiration
inspiratory reserve volume
forcibly inhaling too much over tidal volume
residual air
air remains in lungs and cannot voluntarily be expelled; after exhaling; always air in lungs
several non respiratory air movements
cough and sneeze - clears lungs of debris
crying and laughing - emotionally induced
hiccups - sudden inspirations
yawn - very deep inspirations
process of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues
lungs: external respiration; o2 loaded in
blood: internal respiration; co2 loaded out
diffusion
oxygen transported in the blood
most travels attached to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin in RBC
carbon dioxide transported in the blood
transported in plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
areas of brain involved in the control of respiration
medulla: sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker
pons: smoothes out respiratory rate
several factors that influence respiratory rate
co2, o2, HCO3-
physical, emotional, volition
relative importance of o2 and co2 in modifying breathing rate and depth
inc in co2 increases rate of breathing; oxygen comes in when there is too much co2 to lower the rate back down; can’t hold breath for too long because it goes against what your body is designed to do
apnea
stop breathing when sleeping
hyperventilation
rising co2 levels; breathe faster to get rid of co2
hypoventilation
blood becomes alkaline; slow for co2 to accumulate in blood
COPD
caused by smoking; dyspnea and coughing
lung cancer
caused by smoking and ragon gas in house
changes in respiratory system from infant to old age
lungs don’t fully inflate till 2 wks after birth; surfactant is formed late in pregnancy (28-30wks); respiratory rate changes over time (Inc, dec, inc)
path of air
nose - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - lungs - alveoli
olfactory receptors
moisten air, trap foreign particles, enzymes that destroy bacteria chemically
sinuses
lighten skull, resonance chambers for speech, produce mucus
nasopharynx
behind nose
oropharynx
behind mouth
laryngopharynx
attached to larynx
trachea is made of
ciliated mucosa
intrapleural pressure
always negative; prevents lung collapse
dead space volume
remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
vital capacity =
TV + IRV + ERV
spirometer
measures respiratory capacities
total lung capacity
residual volume is added to vital capacity
H2CO3
buffer for pH change
low pH
acidosis
high pH
alkalosis
