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bio 111 > unit 11 (lymphatic) > Flashcards

unit 11 (lymphatic) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

lymph

A

-runs alongside veins
-excess tissue fluid
-edema if fluid isn’t picked up
-one way system from capillary bed to lymph nodes to venous return system to blood (only toward heart)

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2
Q

lymph nodes

A

filter lymph before it’s returned to blood

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3
Q

spleen

A

-forms blood cells in fetus
-acts as blood reservoir
-filters and cleans, lymphocyte proliferation, destroys worn out RBC
-left side of abdomen

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4
Q

thymus

A

site of training for t lymphs
-overlying heart

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5
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

macrophages capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
-walls of small intestine

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6
Q

tonsils

A

trap and remove bacteria
-throat opening of nose, mouth, and tongue

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7
Q

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

A

appendix; acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts

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8
Q

innate defense (nonspecific)

A

protects against wide varieties of invaders

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9
Q

adaptive defense system (specific)

A

fights invaders that get past innate; highly specific resistance to disease: immunity

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10
Q

examples of innate

A

surface membrane barriers
cellular
chemical defenses
fever

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11
Q

surface membrane barriers

A

intact skin and mucous membrane; first line of defense; acidic skin secretions, sebum, mucus, gastric juices, saliva and tears

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12
Q

cellular

A

second line of defense; natural killer cells and phagocytes; fever, inflammatory response, Chemicals that kill pathogens, and fever

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13
Q

chemical defenses

A

antimicrobial proteins

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14
Q

fever

A

pyrogens and hypothalamus

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15
Q

major steps of inflammatory response

A

-redness, heat, pain, swelling
-damaged cells release chemicals
-cause: phagocytes and WBC to move into area
-prevents: spread, disposes debris and pathogens, beings repair

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16
Q

complement

A

at least 20 plasma proteins circulating in plasma; form MAC’s and produce holes in cells for water to rush in

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17
Q

interferon

A

virus infected cells secrete these; bind to membrane receptors on healthy cells to interfere with ability of viruses to multiply

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18
Q

how a fever protects the body

A

-speeds repair processes (inc in temp)
-hypothalamus regulates body temp by pyrogens
-high temps inhibit release of zinc and iron that bacteria needs

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19
Q

humoral immunity

A

antibody mediated immunity; body fluid and B cells

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20
Q

cellular immunity

A

cell mediated immunity; virus -infected cells, cancer cells, cells of foreign grafts (target these)

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21
Q

antigen

A

any substance capable of exciting immune system and provoking an immune response

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22
Q

hapten

A

incomplete antigens; not antigenic by themselves; poison ivy, animal dander, detergents, hair dyes, and cosmetics

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23
Q

b lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity; bone marrow; can bind to specific antigen and make copies of themselves

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24
Q

t lymphocytes

A

cell mediated; mature in thymus; do not make antigens; APC

25
Q

importance of antigen-presenting cells

A

engulf antigens and present fragments on their cell surfaces to be recognized by t cells

26
Q

examples of APC

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, b lymphs

27
Q

B and T lymphs

A

migrate to lymph node and spleen; thymus and bone marrow; self-tolerance=education

28
Q

plasma cells

A

produces antibodies to destroy antigens

29
Q

memory cells

A

T cells; clones

30
Q

antibodies

A

activity lasts 4-5 days; blood protein (gamma globulin); secreted by activated B cells; have different classes

31
Q

active immunity

A

occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies; naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections; artificially acquired from vaccines

32
Q

passive immunity

A

antibodies from someone else (infusion, breast milk); short lived and no memory

33
Q

general structure of antibody

A

protein

34
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A

IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE

35
Q

IgM

A

can fix complement

36
Q

IgA

A

found mainly in secretions (mucus or tears)

37
Q

IgD

A

important in activation of B cells

38
Q

IgG

A

can cross placental barrier and fix complement (most abundant antibody in plasma)

39
Q

IgE

A

involved in allergies

40
Q

neutralization

A

antibodies bind to specific sites on exotoxins or viruses to cause cell injury

41
Q

agglutination

A

antibody - antigen reaction that causes clumping of cells

42
Q

precipitation

A

cross-linking reaction in which antigen-antibody complex settles out of solution

43
Q

helper

A

recruit other cells to fight; B cells to make antibodies since T cells can’t

44
Q

regulatory

A

help slow down immune response; release chemicals to stop press activity of b and t cells

45
Q

cytotoxic

A

killer cells; insert toxic chemicals

46
Q

autografts

A

tissue transplanted from one site to another on same person

47
Q

isografts

A

tissue grafts from a genetically identical person (twin)

48
Q

allografts

A

tissue taken from a person other than identical twin (most common)

49
Q

xenografts

A

tissue taken from a different animal species (never successful)

50
Q

allergies

A

(immediate and delayed hypersensitivity, anaphylactic shock) the immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless antigen and tissue damage occurs

51
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

occur when body’s self-tolerance breaks down - body produces auto-antibodies and sensitized t lymphs that attack its own tissues

52
Q

immunodeficiencies

A

may be congenital or acquired; result from abnormalities in any immune element

53
Q

SCID

A

cogenital

54
Q

AIDS

A

caused by a virus that attacks and cripples they helper T cells

55
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

have valves
thin walls
need skeletal muscles to move lymph
(similar to veins)

56
Q

third line of defense

A

antigen and antibody
-antigen specific
-systemic
-memory

57
Q

antigen specific

A

the adaptive defense system
recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances

58
Q

systemic

A

immunity is not restricted to the initial
infection site

59
Q

memory

A

the adaptive defense system recognizes
and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens

bio 111 (19 decks)

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