finals studyguide Flashcards
anatomy
study of structure of the body
physiology
study of function of the body
integumentary
waterproofs, cushions
skeletal
framework and protection
muscular
movement, provides heat
nervous
control system, responds to stimuli
endocrine
hormones; glands
cardiovascular
delivers oxygen and nutrients, removes wastes, pumps blood, distributes heat
lymphatic
return tissue fluid to blood, cleanse blood, WBCs provide immunity, providing protection
respiratory
supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; gas exchange
digestive
breaksdown food, reabsorbs nutrients, and excretes wastes
urinary
removes nitrogen containing waste from blood, maintains water and salt balance, regulates blood pressure
reproductive
produce offspring
5 survival needs
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, and atmospheric pressure
dorsal body cavity
cranial and spinal cavity
ventral body cavity
thoracic cavity (diaphragm and mediastinum - heart and lungs), abdominopelvic cavity (abdomen, pelvis - stomach, liver, reproductive bladder)
negative feedback
shut off original stimulus or reduce intensity; homeostasis
structure of an atom (subatomic particles)
protons, neutrons, electrons
protons
nucleus, positive
neutrons
nucleus, no charge
electrons
outside nucleus, negative
ionic bond
when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
polar covalent bond
2 charged poles; electrons are not shared equally
nonpolar covalent bond
electrons shared equally
hydrogen bonds
weakest bonds; hydrogen atoms attracted to negative portion of polar molecule; forms intramolecular bonds
electrolytes
ions that carry a charge
organic compounds
contains carbon; carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids; large
inorganic compounds
lack carbon except carbon dioxide; will not burn; water, salt, acids and bases; small
pH
power of hydrogen ions; based on number of protons
acids
electrolytes that ionize in water and release hydrogen ions; proton donors
bases
electrolytes ionize in water and release hydroxide ions; proton acceptors
carbs
simple sugars and starch; major energy fuel
lipids
fatty acids and glycerol; cushions organs and provides reserved fuel (in every cell membrane)
proteins
amino acids and polypeptides; provide for construction materials for enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
monomer
small molecules
polymers
chainlike molecules made of monomers
synthesis
building/anabolic; energy is absorbed
decomposition
destruction/catabolic
exchange
simultaneously synthesis and decomposition reactions
chemical composition of cell membrane
two layers of phospholipids, cholesterol (strength), proteins (transport; enzymes; receptors), sugar groups (cell identification - glycoproteins and glycocalyx)
organization of cell membrane
hydrophilic and hydrophobic
DNA replication
genetic material duplicated; in the nucleus; at the end of interphase
complementary nucleotides
A-T and C-G
gene
DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein of polypeptide chain
protein (vs gene)
fibrous (structural) or globular (functional); building materials or enzymes
transcription
transfers info from DNAs base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA (making copy inside nucleus)
translation
base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to amino acid sequence (involves all three types - copying cytoplasm outside nucleus)
passive
simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration, faciliter diffusion; doesn’t take energy
active
active transport, vesicular transport; takes ATP
cell cycle
mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase; cytokinesis
cutaneous membrane
skin
mucous membrane
nose, digestive and respiratory tract; open to outside
serous membrane
outside of major organs
synovial membrane
joints
stratum basale
cells undergoing mitosis; deepest layer; still alive cells; contains melanocytes
stratum spinosum
increasingly flatter and more keratinized (dying); still alive cells
stratum granulosum
transitional layer to nonliving; flattened
stratum lucidum
hairless only areas; formed from dead cells of deeper layers
stratum corneum
outermost layer; filled with keratin;
sebaceous glands
produces sebum for soft hair, soft skin, kills bacteria; found over the skin except palms and soles
sweat glands
armpit and genitals; eccrine: temp regulation; apocrine: body odor (sweat)
hair
not on palms and soles; hard, keratinized epithelial cells
nails
more keratinized than hair; protection
rule of nines
estimates tissue damage and fluid loss
basal cell carcinoma
least malignant and most common; from stratum basale
squamous cell carcinoma
stratum spinosum; by sun and spread to lymph nodes and becomes malignant
malignant melanoma
most deadly and rare; from melanocytes to lymph and blood vessels
axial skeleton
(inner)
cranial bones
facial bones
vertebral column
suture joints
ribs
appendicular skeleton
(outer)
pectoral girdle
upper and lower limb bones
pelvic girdle
shoulder blade/scapula
epiphysis
ends; spongy bone/hematopoiesis; articular cartilage
diaphysis
compact; covered by periosteum
periosteum
fibrous connective membrane around bones
endosteum
connective tissue lining inside of shaft; contains medullary cavity
cervical vertebra
atlas; axis; 3 holes
thoracic vertebra
rotation, meets with ribs
lumbar vertebra
no rotation
sacrum
fuse 16
coccyx
tail bone
synarthroses
immovable; skull; fibrous
amphiarthroses
slightly moveable; spine; cartilage
daithroses
freely moveable; synovial joints
plane joints
spine, carpals
hinge joints
elbow
pivot joints
ulna, radias
condylar joints
metacarpals, metatarsals
saddle joint
thumb
ball and socket joint
shoulder (most movable)
changes in skeletal development
hyaline to compact bone