Unit 8 Vocab Flashcards
14 points
Who: woodrow wilson
What: declaration by wilson during world war 1 discussing his goals for peace after the war
most important:
open diplomacy
freedom of the seas
disarmament
end colonialism
league of nations
Where:
When: 1918
Why: wilson wants peace
Significance: later used in peace negotiations, but most doesn’t happen
bonus army
Who: ww1 veterans
What: gathering to demand bonus payment early
Where: dc
When: 1932
Why: were promised a bonus payment for a future date, but due to the economic depression they wanted it early
Significance: hoover responded with military action, looks really bad!
dawes plan
Who: charles dawes
What: $200 million loan to stabilize german currency
Where:
When: 1924
Why:
Significance:
dollar diplomacy
Who: Taft
What: us encourages businesses to invest in latin american governments to stabilize them with money
Where:
When: 1909-1913
Why: attempt to further interests of us internationally without military intervention
Significance: prevents economic dominance by rivals
still ended up doing military intervention when govs can’t pay back loans
new governments support us but aren’t all that democratic
election of 1916
Who: democrats: wilson (reelection)
republicans: charles evan hughes
What: wilson: domestic reform, will keep us out of war
hughes: wilson isn’t doing enough to prepare for war
both sides trying to appeal to progressives and conservatives in their parties
Where:
When:
Why: war is the main topic because it is a big deal
Significance: wilson wins, showing the us commitment to neutrality
however they wouldn’t stay neutral in his next term
espionage and sedition acts
Who:
What: acts which criminalized criticizing the us’s involvement in war and sharing information intended to interfere with the war effort
Where:
When: 1917
Why: limit power of anti-war activists
Significance: continuity of pattern of free speech being limited during wartime
caused schenck v us case which ruled that it is ok to restrict free speech during wartime
committee of public information
Who: george creel (leader)
What: us creating propaganda during ww1
Where:
When: late 1910s
Why: need to convince people that the us was justified in entering the war
Significance: attempted to create positive patriotic feeling towards the way
harlem renaissance
Who:
What: african american cultural revival in 1920s and 1930s
characterized by music, dance, theater, literature written by african americans for african americans
Where:
When: 1920s, 1930s
Why: great migration, people wanting a better life than that in the south
Significance: important period in the development of an african american culture
hawley smoot tariff
Who: under hoover
What: raised tariff rates
Where:
When: 1930
Why: goal to protect domestic farmers by preventing foreign competition
Significance: example of us shift to isolationism
deepened great depression
henry cabot lodge
Who:
What: opposed to treaty of versailles
Where:
When: 1919
Why: league of nations could force the us to involve itself in war without congressional approval
Significance: eventually successfully keeps us from ratifying treaty of versailles
immigration quota laws
Who:
What: restricted immigration from europe, especially for non-western europeans
Where:
When: 1921 emergency quota act
1924 immigration restriction act
Why: attempt to return to normalcy after ww1, nativism
Significance: emergency quota act not super effective, but immigration restriction act limited more
example of growing anti-immigrant nativist sentiment
kellogg-briand pact
Who: frank b kellogg, us secretary of state
What: treaty that outlawed war between 62 countries
Where:
When: 1928
Why: anti-war movement, peacekeeping efforts
Significance: most obvious attempt at peacekeeping after ww1
lusitania
Who:
What: cruise ship containing american passengers which germany sunk in lusitania
Where:
When: 1915
Why: unrestricted submarine warfare, germany is retaliating against british blockades
Significance: 128 us citizens die
causes outrage in the us!!
wilson demands that germany must not attack neutral ships -> eventually sussex pledge
indirect cause of us entry into ww1
marcus garvey
Who:
What: black activist in harlem renaissance
Where:
When: 1920s
Why: pride in african culture, belief in racial separatism
Significance: important in harlem renaissance
spread pride in african culture
supported back to africa movement
margaret sanger
Who:
What: feminist activist, founded birth control movement
worked to spread information about contraception
Where:
When: 1920s and 1930s
Why: believed in a woman’s right to avoid unwanted pregnancies
Significance: started birth contorl movement
mcnary-haugen bill
Who: charles mcnary, gilbert haugen
What: government will purchase surplus wheat at an average price and resell at market price
Where:
When: vetoed 1927, 1928
Why: would help out farmers who lost foreign customers after war
Significance: vetoed twice by coolidge
- leads people to vote democrat in future electins
missionary diplomacy
Who:
What: latin american foreign policy under wilson
washinton has a moral responsibilty to deny recognition to nondemocratic governments in latin america
Where:
When: 1913-1921
Why: moral reasoning, desire to spread democracy
Significance: continued pattern of us interference in latin america
scopes (monkey) trial
Who:john scopes
What:high school teacher (scopes) charged with breaking tennessee law by teaching evolution
Where:
When: 1925
Why: rise in religious fundamentalism after ww1
Significance: illustrates conflict between religion and science
pancho villa
Who:
What:
Where:
When:
Why:
Significance:
red scare
Who:a mitchell palmer - enacted raids on suspected revolutionaries
What: period of fear over communism / labor organization
Where:
When: 1919-1920
Why: climate of intolerance from ww1 propaganda
increase in organized labor movements
russian revolution -> fear
Significance: raids against suspected revolutionaries
sacco and vanzetti
Who:
What: italian anarchists, put on trial for murder, not a very fair trial at all
Where: massachusetts
When:1921
Why: suspected for murders
Significance: ultimately executed
illustrating anti-immigrant sentiment, anti-radicalism
senate irrenconcilables
Who: most vocal = william borah
What: senators who opposed the treaty of versailles in any form due to the inclusion of the league of nations
Where:
When: 1919
Why: league of nations would force us to go to war without congress approval!!
Significance: ultimately successful in preventing treaty of versailles from passing
strong reservationists
Who: henry cabot lodge
What: we need lots of changes to the league of nations to ratify the treaty of versailles
Where:
When: 1919
Why: still don’t like that league of nations would allow us to go to war without congressional approval, but a little bit more willing to compromise
Significance: all this conflict eventually means the treaty of versailles is not passed at all
sussex pledge
Who:
What: agreement that germany will not target passenger ships
still allowed to inspect cargo ships with a warning
- and they must be evacuated before sinking
Where:
When: 1916
Why: followed sussex warning, in which wilson threatened to break off diplomatic ties with germany
Significance: eased relations for a little bit, illustrates us commitment to neutrality
germany revokes it in 1917 due to the british blockade being devastating to civilians -> increased submarine attacks -> partially motivates us entry into war
schenck vs us
Who: charles schenck
What: supreme court ruling
Where:
When: 1919
Why: charles schenck arrested due to espionage act after he publicly called for people to resist the draft
Significance: ruled that it is ok to restrict free speech in wartime
teapot dome
Who: president warren harding
What: bribery scandal under president harding
Where:
When: 1921
Why:
Significance: permanently damaged harding’s reputation
illustration of corruption under harding
the lost generation
Who:
What: intellectuals leave the us after ww1
generation who grew up in ww1 era
disillusioned with american tradition + values
Where:
When: born in late 1880s + 90s
came of age during ww1
Why: wartime
Significance: exemplify shift in values of americans
treaty of versailles
Who: big four: wilson, david lloyd george - uk, clemenceau - france, orlando - italy
What: peace treaty ended ww1
new nations of poland and austria
germany = a republic
league of nations
Where:
When: 1919
Why: allies victory
paris peace conference
Significance: ended ww1
everything in 14 points is compromised on
- secret treaties still ok
- colonies still exist
- no freedom of the seas
- only germany forced to disarm
senate doesn’t want to ratify with league of nations -> conflict in us
unrestricted submarine warfare
Who: germany
What: war strategy used in ww1 by germany in which the german navy would attack all merchant ships arriving to britain, even those from neutral countries
Where:
When: ww1
Why: response to british blockade on germany
Significance: led to sinking of the lusitania, attacks on other us ships -> us public opinion even more against germany
sussex pledge
eventually us enters into ww1
washington armament conference
Who:
What: international conference focused on naval disarmament
involved us, britain, italy, japan, belgium, portugal, netherlands
(not germany, russia, china!)
Where: washington dc
When: 1921 - 1922
Why:
Significance: created a bunch of treaties
5 power treaty - creates ratio between population and battleship ownership to limit the naval arms race
4 power treaty - must consult with each other before interfering in east asia
9 power treaty - enforces open door policy in china, lets respect everyone else’s rights to do business in china and keep china sovereign
zimmerman telegram
Who: under wilson
german foreign secretary arthur zimmerman to german minister in mexico
What: germany is going to tell mexico that if they join their alliance germany will help them retake the mexican cession
Where:
When: 1917
Why: tensions are not super high between germany and us due to sussex pledge
Significance: violates monroe doctrine!
public opinion shifts in favor of war
wilson starts arming merchant ships
eventually us joins war
