Unit 5 Terms Flashcards
13th amendment
who: lincoln
what: amendment that abolished slavery except as a punishment
where: us
when: 1865
why: supports union military, furthers shift to focusing on morality of slavery
significance: passes!
first of three reconstruction amendments
14th amendment
who: Congress during Johnson’s presidency
what: gives citizenship to all men (not right to vote)
bil of rights applies to state governments
former confederates need to be pardoned by Congress to serve in office
where:
when: 1868
why: part of congressional reconstruction
significance: excludes traitors from office
attempt to enforce civil rights in state governments
15th amendment
who: Ulysses s grant
what: all men can vote!
where:
when: 1870
why: black voters usually vote republican, so they want to expand their rights in order to win (helped grant win the election)
significance: finally suffrage for black men!
alienates white women from African American rights movement
bleeding kansas
who: john brown in pottawatomie massacre
what: anti and pro-slavery people rush into kansas-nebraska territory after kansas-nebraska act -> violence!!
new england emigrant aid society sends anti-slavery immigrants into kansas to try to influence the popular sovereignty vote
make own state constitutions - lecompoton constitution (pro-slavery) and topeaka constitution (anti-slavery), but neither passes
pottawatomie massacre - john brown kills 5 pro-slavery guys
where: kansas
when: 1854-1861
why: kansas-nebraska act made territories in kansas-nebraska region open for popular sovereignty, so people rush in to try to influence it
significance: tensions over slavery turn to violence for the first time
black codes
who: southern state govs
what: laws that restrict rights of African Americans
Include apprenticeship laws, which require free black people to have jobs in order to stay out of jail (lots end up employed by their former slaveholders, kind of just slavery 2.0)
where:
when:
why: under Johnson, Southern states have to ratify the 13th amendment, so they create black codes to continue to limit the rights of free African Americans and profit off of them
significance: example of southern state governments finding their way around civil rights legislation
carpetbaggers
who:
what: opportunistic northerners who rushed to south soon after civil war
where: south
when: post civil war (1865)
why: south is very unstable after war
significance: promoted Republican politics, got government jobs
lots of resistance from south! still sectional tensions
interpreted by some as examples of north using power to abusing south
civil rights act 1866
who: Congress during congressional reconstruction under johnson
what: all people of all races get basic civil rights
where:
when: 1866
why: crazy white supremacist violence in south!! we need to do something
attempt to enforce civil rights in state governments
significance: Johnson vetos it, but Congress overrules for first time in us history
example of Congress in this time period siding more with radicals
civil rights cases 1883
who:
what: 13th and 14th amendment do not give Congress power to punish people for private racial discrimination
where:
when: 1883
why:
significance: undermine 13th and 14th amendments
Example of constitutional challenges to congressional reconstruction
compromise of 1850
who: fillmore, clay, calhoun, webster, stephen douglas
what:
01. california admitted as free
02. new mexico open to popular sovereignty
03. no slave trade in DC
04. stronger fugitive slave act
05. texas’s debt absolved
where: us
when: 1850
why: california gold rush -> california applies for statehood as a free state, which would upset the balance!
attempt to reduce rising sectional tensions
significance: works a bit (midterms in 1852 are centered around following the compromise)
senate balance tipped towards free states
north freaks out about fugitive slave act - forces state government to dedicate resources to supporting slavery
overall increases sectionalism
crittenden compromise
who: senator john crittenden, under lincoln
what: proposed constitutional amendment that would never abolish slavery and permanently keep the 36’30” line
where: us
when: 1860
why: attempt to resolve the secession crisis by getting the south to come back
significance: rejected by lincoln!
“this can never pass, so we will never have peace”
dred scott v stanford
who:
what:
results:
black people are not citizens + were never meant to be!
states can’t deny slavery
congress can’t regulate slavery
missouri compromise is unconstitutional
where:
when: 1857
why: dred scott (enslaved guy) taken to a free state before being taken back to a slave state
“I’m free now, right?”
supreme court says no
significance: southerners breathe sigh of relief - slavery won’t be stopped
northerners (republicans) freak out - slavery is growing!!
douglas alienated from southern democrats
considered like the worst supreme court decision ever
election of 1860
who:
what: republicans - Lincoln
democrats - sectionalism
- northerners: Stephen Douglas
- southerners: john Breckenridge
constitutional unionists: john bell
where:
when: 1860
why: republican platform: wilmot proviso! No spreading of slavery
northern democrats support popular sovereignty and are anti-secession
southern democrats support dred Scott case and are also anti-secession
constitutional unionists want to keep the union together
significance: Lincoln wins without a single slave state!
cause secession crisis - fear in south over what Lincoln will do
election of 1864
who: lincoln - union party (republicans with a diff name)
george mcclellan - democrats
what: lincoln: goal is to win the war + unify country
- supports 13th amendment
mcclellan: goal is to end war with peace agreement, not unity
where: us
when: 1864
why: want to win the war
significance: first election during wartime
after union wins at battle of atlanta, mcclellan’s platform is seen as unpatriotic
lincoln wins in a landslide
election of 1876
who: republican - rutherford b hayes
democrat - samuel tilden
what: tilden - focuses on government corruption and reform (scandals under grant)
very dirty campaign, voter fraud, intimidation
where:
when: 1876
why:
significance: republicans losing support
helped cause end of reconstruction
- compromise of 1877 lets hayes get office in exchange for withdrawal of troops from southern states
emancipation proclamation
who:
what: declaration that all slaves in rebel territory would be freed in 1863
where:
when: 1862
why: northern generals need more troops and african americans want to join the army
significance: doesn’t impact border states
shifted focus of war to moral reasons relating to slavery
followed by law allowing african americans to be soldiers
