Unit 5 Terms Flashcards
13th amendment
who: lincoln
what: amendment that abolished slavery except as a punishment
where: us
when: 1865
why: supports union military, furthers shift to focusing on morality of slavery
significance: passes!
first of three reconstruction amendments
14th amendment
who: Congress during Johnson’s presidency
what: gives citizenship to all men (not right to vote)
bil of rights applies to state governments
former confederates need to be pardoned by Congress to serve in office
where:
when: 1868
why: part of congressional reconstruction
significance: excludes traitors from office
attempt to enforce civil rights in state governments
15th amendment
who: Ulysses s grant
what: all men can vote!
where:
when: 1870
why: black voters usually vote republican, so they want to expand their rights in order to win (helped grant win the election)
significance: finally suffrage for black men!
alienates white women from African American rights movement
bleeding kansas
who: john brown in pottawatomie massacre
what: anti and pro-slavery people rush into kansas-nebraska territory after kansas-nebraska act -> violence!!
new england emigrant aid society sends anti-slavery immigrants into kansas to try to influence the popular sovereignty vote
make own state constitutions - lecompoton constitution (pro-slavery) and topeaka constitution (anti-slavery), but neither passes
pottawatomie massacre - john brown kills 5 pro-slavery guys
where: kansas
when: 1854-1861
why: kansas-nebraska act made territories in kansas-nebraska region open for popular sovereignty, so people rush in to try to influence it
significance: tensions over slavery turn to violence for the first time
black codes
who: southern state govs
what: laws that restrict rights of African Americans
Include apprenticeship laws, which require free black people to have jobs in order to stay out of jail (lots end up employed by their former slaveholders, kind of just slavery 2.0)
where:
when:
why: under Johnson, Southern states have to ratify the 13th amendment, so they create black codes to continue to limit the rights of free African Americans and profit off of them
significance: example of southern state governments finding their way around civil rights legislation
carpetbaggers
who:
what: opportunistic northerners who rushed to south soon after civil war
where: south
when: post civil war (1865)
why: south is very unstable after war
significance: promoted Republican politics, got government jobs
lots of resistance from south! still sectional tensions
interpreted by some as examples of north using power to abusing south
civil rights act 1866
who: Congress during congressional reconstruction under johnson
what: all people of all races get basic civil rights
where:
when: 1866
why: crazy white supremacist violence in south!! we need to do something
attempt to enforce civil rights in state governments
significance: Johnson vetos it, but Congress overrules for first time in us history
example of Congress in this time period siding more with radicals
civil rights cases 1883
who:
what: 13th and 14th amendment do not give Congress power to punish people for private racial discrimination
where:
when: 1883
why:
significance: undermine 13th and 14th amendments
Example of constitutional challenges to congressional reconstruction
compromise of 1850
who: fillmore, clay, calhoun, webster, stephen douglas
what:
01. california admitted as free
02. new mexico open to popular sovereignty
03. no slave trade in DC
04. stronger fugitive slave act
05. texas’s debt absolved
where: us
when: 1850
why: california gold rush -> california applies for statehood as a free state, which would upset the balance!
attempt to reduce rising sectional tensions
significance: works a bit (midterms in 1852 are centered around following the compromise)
senate balance tipped towards free states
north freaks out about fugitive slave act - forces state government to dedicate resources to supporting slavery
overall increases sectionalism
crittenden compromise
who: senator john crittenden, under lincoln
what: proposed constitutional amendment that would never abolish slavery and permanently keep the 36’30” line
where: us
when: 1860
why: attempt to resolve the secession crisis by getting the south to come back
significance: rejected by lincoln!
“this can never pass, so we will never have peace”
dred scott v stanford
who:
what:
results:
black people are not citizens + were never meant to be!
states can’t deny slavery
congress can’t regulate slavery
missouri compromise is unconstitutional
where:
when: 1857
why: dred scott (enslaved guy) taken to a free state before being taken back to a slave state
“I’m free now, right?”
supreme court says no
significance: southerners breathe sigh of relief - slavery won’t be stopped
northerners (republicans) freak out - slavery is growing!!
douglas alienated from southern democrats
considered like the worst supreme court decision ever
election of 1860
who:
what: republicans - Lincoln
democrats - sectionalism
- northerners: Stephen Douglas
- southerners: john Breckenridge
constitutional unionists: john bell
where:
when: 1860
why: republican platform: wilmot proviso! No spreading of slavery
northern democrats support popular sovereignty and are anti-secession
southern democrats support dred Scott case and are also anti-secession
constitutional unionists want to keep the union together
significance: Lincoln wins without a single slave state!
cause secession crisis - fear in south over what Lincoln will do
election of 1864
who: lincoln - union party (republicans with a diff name)
george mcclellan - democrats
what: lincoln: goal is to win the war + unify country
- supports 13th amendment
mcclellan: goal is to end war with peace agreement, not unity
where: us
when: 1864
why: want to win the war
significance: first election during wartime
after union wins at battle of atlanta, mcclellan’s platform is seen as unpatriotic
lincoln wins in a landslide
election of 1876
who: republican - rutherford b hayes
democrat - samuel tilden
what: tilden - focuses on government corruption and reform (scandals under grant)
very dirty campaign, voter fraud, intimidation
where:
when: 1876
why:
significance: republicans losing support
helped cause end of reconstruction
- compromise of 1877 lets hayes get office in exchange for withdrawal of troops from southern states
emancipation proclamation
who:
what: declaration that all slaves in rebel territory would be freed in 1863
where:
when: 1862
why: northern generals need more troops and african americans want to join the army
significance: doesn’t impact border states
shifted focus of war to moral reasons relating to slavery
followed by law allowing african americans to be soldiers
force acts of 1870
who:
what: gives federal government power to prosecute people trying to restrict the voting/other rights of african americans
where:
when:
why: white supremacist violence and intimidation
significance: attempted to protect the rights of african americans to vote
free soil / free labor
who: nominated van buren in election of 1848
what: supports wilmot priviso - no slavery in mexican cession or anywhere
appeal to conscience whigs and northern democrats
where: us
when: election of 1848
why: dont want competition from unpaid labor, want lands avaliable for white settlers
significance: republican party is similar when electing lincoln
get enough votes away from democrats in ny to make whigs win in 1848 -> zachary taylor becomes president
freedmen’s bureau
who: congressional reconstruction
what: government department made to provide schools + resources to free african americans
where:
when: 1865
why: help formerly enslaved people become self-sufficient + integrated
significance: vetoed by johnson but overturned by congress in congressional reconstruction
freeport doctrine
who: stephen douglas
what: states can just choose to not make laws to enforce slavery if they don’t like it
where: illinois
when: in douglas-lincoln debates, 1858
why: states rights!!
reconciles popular sovereignty and dred scott
significance: appeals to northerners who want to not follow the fugitive slave acts, alienates south
fugitive slave law
who: clay, calhoun, webster, stephen douglas
what: governments of free states are required to put resources into returning escaped slaves
where:
when: comp of 1850
why: to reduce sectional tensions between free and slave states
significance: north freaks out + doesn’t want to follow it
douglas’s freeport doctrine argues that they don’t have to follow it if they don’t want to
jefferson davis
who:
what: president of confederate states of america
where: confederacy
when: started in 1861
why: states rights!!
significance: internal conflict during his time
- confederacy founded on states rights, so they are not really unified under the central government
john brown
who:
what: radical abolitionist
did pottawatomie massacre
made attempt to arm slaves with guns for revolting with harpers ferry raid
where: kansas
when: pottawatomie massacre in 1856, harpers ferry raid in 1859
why: motivated by religion, believed he was called by god to end slavery
wanted immediate abolition through violence!
significance: important abolitionist figure!!
eventually is killed
john c freemont
who:
what: republican nominee in election of 1856
where:
when: 1856
why: against expansion of slavery
significance: loses (republican party does not have as much power yet)
seen as too radical -> desire for a more moderate republican (abraham lincoln!!)
kansas nebraska act
who: stephen douglas
what:
repeal the missouri compromise!
opens kansas-nebraska area for popular sovereignty over slavery
where: kansas-nebraska region
when: 1854
why: we need a transcontinental railroad to facilitate expansion + growth, unite east and west
to do that we need to settle land along the route and create new states! but how should we do that without controversy?
significance: it passes barely!
north freaks out because they don’t want slavery to expand
divides democrat party over regional lines
whig party dies due to sectional tensions
know-nothing party
who: northern former whigs
what: political party in third party system
nativism
- focus less on slavery and more on preventing immigrants
where:
when: kansas nebraska in 1854
why: whig party dies after kansas-nebraska act passes
northern whigs make two new parties (this and republican)
significance: neutral on slavery
anti-immigrant
- example of this sentiment growing
ku klux klan act
who: under grant
what: illegal to attempt to prevent african americans from voting / taking away their rights
where:
when: 1870
why: attempt to enforce 14th amendment in response to white supremacist violence
significance:
lincoln-douglas debates
who: dem stephen douglas vs rep abraham lincoln
what: series of debates between illinois senator candidates focused around expansion of slavery
where: illinois
when: 1858, illinois senator campaign
why:
significance: douglas wins but loses popular support
lincoln loses but becomes more popular and well-liked, exemplifies his political talent
ostend manifesto
who: under franklin pierce
what: secret proposed purchase of cuba from spain
where:
when: 1852
why: national security, expansion of slavery
significance: north is outraged!! its clearly an attempt to expand slavery
is canceled to try and preserve national unity
reconstruction
who:
what:
where:
when:
why:
significance:
three reconstruction plans
who:
what:
lincoln: 10% plan, not wade davis bill
presidental: absorb CFA debts, states must repeal secession declarations, must ratify 13th amendment, and must pass laws to restrict rights of african americans
congress: absorb cfa debt, 14th amendment, reconstruction act
where:
when:1865-1877
why:
significance:
lincoln: not super extreme, but still enough that he gets assassinated
johnson: south is relieved because no one is really punished, african americans have less rights
congress: more radical in response to white supremacist violence
reconstruction acts of 1867
who:
what: to rejoin union:states must:
- ratify 14th amendment
- pass 50% loyalty pledge
- make new state constitutions with all laws applying to people of all races
military occupation of south
where:
when: congressional reconstruction, 1867
why: republican-controlled congress has a lot of power!
significance: african americans are now voting due to 50% allegiance pledge!
scalawags
who:
what: derogatory term for southerners who joined republican party
where:
when: civil war + reconstruction period
why: considered disloyal to traditional white supremacist views
significance: interpreted by some as example of northern abuse of south after civil war
stephen a douglas
who:
what: young american senator from illinois
proposes kansas nebraska act
- repeal the missouri compromise!
lincoln-douglas debates
where:
when: kansas-nebraska in 1854
why: we need a transcontinental railroad to facilitate expansion + growth, unite east and west
to do that we need to settle land along the route and create new states! but how should we do that without controversy?
significance: it passes barely!
north freaks out because they don’t want slavery to expand
divides democrat party over regional lines
whig party dies due to sectional tensions
sumner-brooks affair
who: charles sumner, preston brooks
what: sumner makes a speech called “crimes against kansas” arguing for no slavery in kansas territory, makes personal attacks against opponents
brooks canes sumner until he is unconscious!!
where: senate
when: 1856
why: tensions are very high between pro- and anti-slavery people in senate!!
significance: motivates violence to break out in kansas territory (pottawatomie massacre)
tenure of office act
who:
what: law that prevents government officials who have been there for a long time from being removed
where:
when: 1867
why: limits power of president, attempt by congress to prevent johnson from interfering with reconstruction
significance: used to impeach johnson
thaddeus stevens
who:
what: radical republican abolitionist in congress
where:
when: 14th amendment in 1868
why:
significance: played important role in 14th amendment, working for african american rights
uncle tom’s cabin
who: Harriet Beecher Stowe
what: popular novel that exposed horrors of slavery
where:
when: 1852
why: appalled by slavery
significance: great success in north -> increases abolitionist thought
banned in some southern states
countered by anti-tom literature
wade-davis bill
who:
what:
where:
when:
why:
significance:
wilmot proviso
who:
what:
where:
when:
why:
significance:
