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APUSH > Unit 5 important info!! > Flashcards

Unit 5 important info!! Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

who was in the election of 1852? what were their major beliefs?

A

dem - franklin pierce, doughface, wins
whig - winfield scott, northern war hero, not committed to fugitive slave act -> alienates cotton whigs

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2
Q

what was the main focus of the election of 1852?

A

who will support compromise of 1850

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3
Q

describe the young america movement

A

intellectual movement
supports territorial + economic expansion of us

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4
Q

what are some examples of the young america movement in action

A

commodore matthew perry, opens trade with japan in 1853
gasden purchase in 1854
ostend manifesto

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5
Q

who was solomon northup

A

author of 12 years a slave

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6
Q

what are personal liberty laws?

A

defiance towards fugitive slave laws in northern states!!
local authorities are forbidden to help slave catches
provide juries for captured people to prevent kidnapping of non-slaves

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7
Q

who wrote uncle tom’s cabin?

A

harriet beecher stowe

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8
Q

describe the various responses to uncle tom’s cabin

A

northerners like it, very popular, touches their consciences
southerners dont like it - some states ban it, create anti-tom literature to counter it

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9
Q

what is the ostend manifesto?

A

(1852)
proposed purchase of cuba from spain
north finds out about it and is outraged! sees it as an attempt to expand slavery further
canceled as an attempt to preserve national unity

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10
Q

how is slavery viewed in the central government before 1854?

A

hard to touch
president and congress are pro-slavery at this time
supreme court is striking down personal liberty laws
- robert b taney supports slavery

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11
Q

who is roger b taney?

A

supreme court chief justice from 1836-1864
supports institution of slavery in rulings
-> prigg v pennsylvania
ableman v booth
did the dred scott case!

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12
Q

describe the beliefs of stephen douglas

A

young american - expansion + economic growth
states rights
popular sovereignty

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13
Q

what motivated the kansas nebraska act?

A

douglas wants economic growth -> wants a transcontinental railroad
to build it, we need to settle people and make states along its route
how do we add new states without controversy? repeal the missouri compromise!

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14
Q

describe the effects of the kansas nebraska act

A

north freaks out - it is going to help slavery expand! what if they make slavery everywhere?!?
democrat party divides along regional lines
whig party dies due to sectional tensions, southern whigs join democrat party
third party system starts!

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15
Q

describe the third party system

A

know nothing party - focuses less on slavery and more on preventing immigrants (nativists)
republican party - northern whigs and northern democrats and remains of free soil party - oppose expansion of slavery
democrat party still exists also

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16
Q

what is the new england emigrant aid society?

A

lyman beecher
made to transport anti-slavery migrants to kansas territory
since the area has been opened to popular sovereignty, they think that if they get enough anti-slavery people there they can sway the vote so that slave states arent created there

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17
Q

what are the two constitutions created by settlers in kansas territory during bleeding kansas?

A

pro-slavery: lecompoton constitution
anti-slavery: topeaka constitution

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18
Q

what were border ruffians

A

in bleeding kansas
armed people with guns from missouri around border
proslavery raiders, aimed to make sure kansas would be a free state
did a lot of violence

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19
Q

describe the brooks-sumner affair

A

debates in congress are happening because president pierce isn’t doing anything about the conflicting constitutions in the kansas territory
charles sumner makes an anti-slavery speech called “crimes against kansas”
brook canes him until he passes out

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20
Q

describe john brown

A

radical abolitionist, believed god called him to end slavery
pottawatomie massacre - kills 5 pro-slavery guys
harpers ferry raid - attempt to get guns to give to african americans, fails

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21
Q

describe the election of 1856

A

know-nothings: willard fillmore, nativism
democrats - james buchanan, doughface (wins!!)
republicans - john c fremont

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22
Q

why did fremont not win the election of 1856?

A

too radical!!
also his last name sound french which means he is maybe catholic and nobody likes catholics

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23
Q

how does james buchanan view slavery?

A

he is a doughface, so he is friendly to slavery and the south

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24
Q

describe dred scott v stanford

A

enslaved guy dred scott is moved to a free state before being forced back to a slave state
- legally i should be free now right?
taney says no!!
- black people were never meant to be citizens
- states can’t deny slavery
- congress can’t regulate slavery

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25
Q

what are the results of dred scott v stanford?

A

south is relieved - slavery wont be stopped!
republicans worried about the spread of slavery

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26
Q

describe the lincoln douglas debates

A

illinois senator campaign
lincoln’s rhetoric changes with location - more radical in north, more moderate in south
lincoln:
- douglas is involved in a conspiracy to spread slavery
- founding fathers wanted slavery to die out
-used nationalism
douglas:
- racist attacks - this guy wants racial integration!
lincoln:
- no i am racist just like you
- how will you reconcile dred scott with popular sovereignty? dred scott says it is not constitutional
douglas: freeport doctine, both are ok!

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27
Q

describe the freeport doctrine

A

stephen douglas, douglas lincoln debates
states can choose to not enforce the rights of slaveholders
north likes it, south doesn’t

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28
Q

describe the election of 1860

A

republicans: lincoln, more moderate than seward, platform is wilmot proviso
democrats are split:
northerners - stephen douglas, popular sovereignty
southerners - john breckinridge, pro-dred scott
both are anti-secession
constitutional unionists - john bell, focus on keeping union together

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29
Q

describe three causes of the secession crisis. which is most likely the main cause?

A

economic independence
southern nationalism
best = fear of lincoln’s victory

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30
Q

how does buchanan respond to the secession crisis

A

does nothing (like usual)

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31
Q

what is the crittenden compromise

A

proposed constitutional amendment after secession crisis
never abolish slavery
permanently keep 36’30” line

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32
Q

what does lincoln think about the crittenden compromise

A

he is fine with not abolishing slavery, but he does not like keeping the 36’30” line so he rejects it

33
Q

what is the relevance of fort sumter

A

war begins there
it is a federal fort in south carolina, which has seceded
should the federal government surrender it or fight?
lincoln decides to peacefully resupply the fort
south carolina fires on federal ships -> civil war begins

34
Q

why do the upper south states secede?

A

lincoln calls for volunteer troops and gets a bunch of them after fort sumter

35
Q

what is the significance of the battle of bull run

A

confederacy wins!!
surprising for north, because they are much stronger

36
Q

how does lincoln deal with border states? why?

A

they are the slave states in the union
lincoln really wants to keep them in the union!
puts secessionists in jail in maryland
stops fremont from taking peoples slaves in missouri
why:
kentucky borders the ohio river and is super important for transportation
maryland surrounds dc

37
Q

what were the advantages of the north in the civil war

A

industry
more people
most railroads

38
Q

what were the disadvantages of the north in the civil war

A

incompetent + pro south generals like george mcclellan
fear of foreign support for confederacy
anti-war movement

39
Q

what motivates the northern anti-war movement?

A

lots of people dying
lots of people don’t want to end slavery
lincoln has suspended habeus corpus in MY and is violating peoples rights
the draft

40
Q

describe the conscription act

A

1863
the draft!
there are loopholes though so rich people can afford it
it hurts poor people the most

41
Q

describe the response to the conscription act

A

anti-war resistance
new york draft riots - irish immigrants don’t want slavery to end because then they would have to compete with african americans
- draft impacts poor people the most because they can’t get out of it

42
Q

described the emancipation proclamation. what motivated it?

A

slaves in rebel territory will be free
if southern states rejoin the union, their slaves wont be freed
example of president assuming more power
caused by need for more military power in north, and african americans want to fight

43
Q

what are the results of the emancipation proclamation

A

ending slavery is now a goal of the war
no chance of confederacy getting foreign support because france and britain are anti-slavery
followed by law allowing african americans to be soldiers in exchange for freedom for them and their families
ex. 54th regiment in MA
lincoln starts focusing more on slavery
ex. gettysburg address, second inaugural address

44
Q

how does the war effect the union economy?

A

unprecedented growth!!
american system is put into place now that south (main opposition) is gone
- increased governmental control of economy, centralization
- income tax, tariff
- greenbacks - paper common currency
-railroads

45
Q

what were the advantages of the south in the civil war

A

strong military tradition and leaders

46
Q

what were the disadvantages of the south in the civil war

A

founded based on states rights, so no one listens to central government
no industry
low population
slaves are resisting, lots of resources have to be put in to stopping that
internal conflict
- law says that if you own 20 slaves you dont have to fight -> poor people fighting a righ man’s war

47
Q

how does the course of the war shift in 1863

A

previously union army not very effective
new generals aggressively pursue war
battle at gettysburg, battle of vicksburg, sherman’s march to the sea

48
Q

describe the significance of the battle at gettysburg and the battle of vicksburg

A

gettysburg - furthest into union territory south ever got, northern win
vicksburg - union wins and gets control over mississippi river, cuts south in half

49
Q

describe sherman’s march to the sea

A

1864-1865
splits south again!
destroys economic buildings, railroads
special order 15 - to hurt south economy, divide up land owned by slaveholders and give it to slaves

50
Q

describe the election of 1864

A

republican -> union party - lincoln
- goal is to win the war, 13th amendment for military purposes
democrats - george b mcclellan
- wants to end war with peace agreement, not unity

51
Q

why does mcclellan not win the election of 1864?

A

union wins at battle of atlanta
now his viewpoint of having peace without union seems unpatriotic

52
Q

what is the significance of the appomattox courthouse?

A

where robert e lee surrenders to ulysses s grant
civil war ends

53
Q

what were the results of the civil war?

A

hundreds of thousands of deaths
economic devastation in south, growth in north
constitutional changes
- idea of secession disproven -> perpetual union
- 13th amendment approved
- idea of special wartime powers for president

54
Q

describe lincoln’s plans for reconstruction

A

vetoes wade davis bill
only 10% loyalty pledge required

55
Q

describe the wade davis bill

A

50% of voting population in southern states have to pledge loyalty to get back in the union
would force states to allow african americans to vote to meet that goal

56
Q

describe andrew johnson’s beliefs

A

hates white plantation owning traitor class in south
white supremacist

57
Q

describe johnson’s plan for reconstruction

A

absorb debts of confederate states
states must repeal secession declarations to rejoin union
states must ratify 13th amendment
must pass laws limiting the rights of african americans
no revels are really punished

58
Q

what are apprenticeship laws?

A

black codes
require free african americans to have jobs to avoid being jailed
end up working on plantations again

59
Q

describe the civil rights act of 1866

A

all people of all races get basic rights (not right to vote)

60
Q

what legislature does congress overturn johnson’s vetoes of?

A

creation of freedmen’s bureau
civil rights act of 1866

61
Q

what are the plans for congressional reconstruction?

A

absorb confederate debt
14th amendment

62
Q

describe the 14th amendment

A

all men get citizenship (not right to vote)
bill of rights applies to state governments
former confederates need to be pardoned by congress to serve in office
- excludes traitors

63
Q

describe the swing around the circle campaign

A

johnson
travels around to gain public support and turn people away from republican party
not really successful

64
Q

describe the reconstruction act of 1867

A

south becomes militarily occupied
to rejoin union, southern states have to:
ratify 14th amendment
pass 50% loyalty pledge
make new state constitutions with all laws applying to all races

65
Q

describe johnson’s impeachment

A

violate tenure in office act by firing his secretary of war
not removed from office, but no one likes him anymore

66
Q

describe the election of 1868

A

republicans - ulysses s grant, war hero
democrats - horatio seymore, states rights, fan of war
grant wins thanks to african americans being able to vote -> republicans want to expand voting rights further

67
Q

describe the 15th amendment

A

all men get right to vote
alienates white women from movement for african american rights

68
Q

describe the impact of the panic of 1873

A

southern farmers are really badly impacted, inflation crisis
causes resentment towards state governments

69
Q

describe sharecropping

A

white planters rent out small parts of land to african americans in exchange for a portion of the crops
causes cycles of debt
slavery 2.0

70
Q

describe the mississippi plan

A

white supremacist groups coordinate to keep african americans and republicans from voting with violence and intimidation
successful - republicans stop winning elections

71
Q

describe the force acts and kkk bill

A

gave federal government the power to prosecute people trying to restrict the ability of african americans to vote

72
Q

what motivated the force acts?

A

mississippi plan
white supremacist violence

73
Q

what caused the end of reconstruction?

A

growing northern indifference
- 15th amendment will keep republicans in power, we dont need to do anything else
- southern republicans move up north
- reconstruction viewed as hopeless in the south
focus on western development
republicans lose control of house of representatives
constitutional challenges
southern states rejoining union -> military occupation ending -> black voting rights begin to be restricted again
election of 1876

74
Q

describe us v cruikshank

A

1876 supreme court ruling
decides that bill of rights doesnt actually apply to state governments
undermines 14th amendment

75
Q

describe the slaughterhouse and civil rights cases

A

civil rights act of 1875 is unconstitutional
undermine 14th amendment

76
Q

what methods were used by southern governments to restrict african american voting rights?

A

poll taxes
literacy tests
grandfather clauses - if your grandfather could vote, you can too

77
Q

describe the election of 1876

A

republican - hayes
democrat - tilden, focus on government corruption and reform
very dirty campaign - intimidation, voter fraud
should go to house of representatives, but a special election committee is instead created to determine the winner
hayes wins! democrat uproar! the whole thing is kind of sketchy
causes compromise of 1877 and end of reconstruction

78
Q

describe the compromise of 1877

A

hayes gets office from election of 1876 in exchange for all troops being withdrawn from south
end of reconstruction

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