Unit 5 important info!! Flashcards
who was in the election of 1852? what were their major beliefs?
dem - franklin pierce, doughface, wins
whig - winfield scott, northern war hero, not committed to fugitive slave act -> alienates cotton whigs
what was the main focus of the election of 1852?
who will support compromise of 1850
describe the young america movement
intellectual movement
supports territorial + economic expansion of us
what are some examples of the young america movement in action
commodore matthew perry, opens trade with japan in 1853
gasden purchase in 1854
ostend manifesto
who was solomon northup
author of 12 years a slave
what are personal liberty laws?
defiance towards fugitive slave laws in northern states!!
local authorities are forbidden to help slave catches
provide juries for captured people to prevent kidnapping of non-slaves
who wrote uncle tom’s cabin?
harriet beecher stowe
describe the various responses to uncle tom’s cabin
northerners like it, very popular, touches their consciences
southerners dont like it - some states ban it, create anti-tom literature to counter it
what is the ostend manifesto?
(1852)
proposed purchase of cuba from spain
north finds out about it and is outraged! sees it as an attempt to expand slavery further
canceled as an attempt to preserve national unity
how is slavery viewed in the central government before 1854?
hard to touch
president and congress are pro-slavery at this time
supreme court is striking down personal liberty laws
- robert b taney supports slavery
who is roger b taney?
supreme court chief justice from 1836-1864
supports institution of slavery in rulings
-> prigg v pennsylvania
ableman v booth
did the dred scott case!
describe the beliefs of stephen douglas
young american - expansion + economic growth
states rights
popular sovereignty
what motivated the kansas nebraska act?
douglas wants economic growth -> wants a transcontinental railroad
to build it, we need to settle people and make states along its route
how do we add new states without controversy? repeal the missouri compromise!
describe the effects of the kansas nebraska act
north freaks out - it is going to help slavery expand! what if they make slavery everywhere?!?
democrat party divides along regional lines
whig party dies due to sectional tensions, southern whigs join democrat party
third party system starts!
describe the third party system
know nothing party - focuses less on slavery and more on preventing immigrants (nativists)
republican party - northern whigs and northern democrats and remains of free soil party - oppose expansion of slavery
democrat party still exists also
what is the new england emigrant aid society?
lyman beecher
made to transport anti-slavery migrants to kansas territory
since the area has been opened to popular sovereignty, they think that if they get enough anti-slavery people there they can sway the vote so that slave states arent created there
what are the two constitutions created by settlers in kansas territory during bleeding kansas?
pro-slavery: lecompoton constitution
anti-slavery: topeaka constitution
what were border ruffians
in bleeding kansas
armed people with guns from missouri around border
proslavery raiders, aimed to make sure kansas would be a free state
did a lot of violence
describe the brooks-sumner affair
debates in congress are happening because president pierce isn’t doing anything about the conflicting constitutions in the kansas territory
charles sumner makes an anti-slavery speech called “crimes against kansas”
brook canes him until he passes out
describe john brown
radical abolitionist, believed god called him to end slavery
pottawatomie massacre - kills 5 pro-slavery guys
harpers ferry raid - attempt to get guns to give to african americans, fails
describe the election of 1856
know-nothings: willard fillmore, nativism
democrats - james buchanan, doughface (wins!!)
republicans - john c fremont
why did fremont not win the election of 1856?
too radical!!
also his last name sound french which means he is maybe catholic and nobody likes catholics
how does james buchanan view slavery?
he is a doughface, so he is friendly to slavery and the south
describe dred scott v stanford
enslaved guy dred scott is moved to a free state before being forced back to a slave state
- legally i should be free now right?
taney says no!!
- black people were never meant to be citizens
- states can’t deny slavery
- congress can’t regulate slavery
what are the results of dred scott v stanford?
south is relieved - slavery wont be stopped!
republicans worried about the spread of slavery
describe the lincoln douglas debates
illinois senator campaign
lincoln’s rhetoric changes with location - more radical in north, more moderate in south
lincoln:
- douglas is involved in a conspiracy to spread slavery
- founding fathers wanted slavery to die out
-used nationalism
douglas:
- racist attacks - this guy wants racial integration!
lincoln:
- no i am racist just like you
- how will you reconcile dred scott with popular sovereignty? dred scott says it is not constitutional
douglas: freeport doctine, both are ok!
describe the freeport doctrine
stephen douglas, douglas lincoln debates
states can choose to not enforce the rights of slaveholders
north likes it, south doesn’t
describe the election of 1860
republicans: lincoln, more moderate than seward, platform is wilmot proviso
democrats are split:
northerners - stephen douglas, popular sovereignty
southerners - john breckinridge, pro-dred scott
both are anti-secession
constitutional unionists - john bell, focus on keeping union together
describe three causes of the secession crisis. which is most likely the main cause?
economic independence
southern nationalism
best = fear of lincoln’s victory
how does buchanan respond to the secession crisis
does nothing (like usual)
what is the crittenden compromise
proposed constitutional amendment after secession crisis
never abolish slavery
permanently keep 36’30” line
what does lincoln think about the crittenden compromise
he is fine with not abolishing slavery, but he does not like keeping the 36’30” line so he rejects it
what is the relevance of fort sumter
war begins there
it is a federal fort in south carolina, which has seceded
should the federal government surrender it or fight?
lincoln decides to peacefully resupply the fort
south carolina fires on federal ships -> civil war begins
why do the upper south states secede?
lincoln calls for volunteer troops and gets a bunch of them after fort sumter
what is the significance of the battle of bull run
confederacy wins!!
surprising for north, because they are much stronger
how does lincoln deal with border states? why?
they are the slave states in the union
lincoln really wants to keep them in the union!
puts secessionists in jail in maryland
stops fremont from taking peoples slaves in missouri
why:
kentucky borders the ohio river and is super important for transportation
maryland surrounds dc
what were the advantages of the north in the civil war
industry
more people
most railroads
what were the disadvantages of the north in the civil war
incompetent + pro south generals like george mcclellan
fear of foreign support for confederacy
anti-war movement
what motivates the northern anti-war movement?
lots of people dying
lots of people don’t want to end slavery
lincoln has suspended habeus corpus in MY and is violating peoples rights
the draft
describe the conscription act
1863
the draft!
there are loopholes though so rich people can afford it
it hurts poor people the most
describe the response to the conscription act
anti-war resistance
new york draft riots - irish immigrants don’t want slavery to end because then they would have to compete with african americans
- draft impacts poor people the most because they can’t get out of it
described the emancipation proclamation. what motivated it?
slaves in rebel territory will be free
if southern states rejoin the union, their slaves wont be freed
example of president assuming more power
caused by need for more military power in north, and african americans want to fight
what are the results of the emancipation proclamation
ending slavery is now a goal of the war
no chance of confederacy getting foreign support because france and britain are anti-slavery
followed by law allowing african americans to be soldiers in exchange for freedom for them and their families
ex. 54th regiment in MA
lincoln starts focusing more on slavery
ex. gettysburg address, second inaugural address
how does the war effect the union economy?
unprecedented growth!!
american system is put into place now that south (main opposition) is gone
- increased governmental control of economy, centralization
- income tax, tariff
- greenbacks - paper common currency
-railroads
what were the advantages of the south in the civil war
strong military tradition and leaders
what were the disadvantages of the south in the civil war
founded based on states rights, so no one listens to central government
no industry
low population
slaves are resisting, lots of resources have to be put in to stopping that
internal conflict
- law says that if you own 20 slaves you dont have to fight -> poor people fighting a righ man’s war
how does the course of the war shift in 1863
previously union army not very effective
new generals aggressively pursue war
battle at gettysburg, battle of vicksburg, sherman’s march to the sea
describe the significance of the battle at gettysburg and the battle of vicksburg
gettysburg - furthest into union territory south ever got, northern win
vicksburg - union wins and gets control over mississippi river, cuts south in half
describe sherman’s march to the sea
1864-1865
splits south again!
destroys economic buildings, railroads
special order 15 - to hurt south economy, divide up land owned by slaveholders and give it to slaves
describe the election of 1864
republican -> union party - lincoln
- goal is to win the war, 13th amendment for military purposes
democrats - george b mcclellan
- wants to end war with peace agreement, not unity
why does mcclellan not win the election of 1864?
union wins at battle of atlanta
now his viewpoint of having peace without union seems unpatriotic
what is the significance of the appomattox courthouse?
where robert e lee surrenders to ulysses s grant
civil war ends
what were the results of the civil war?
hundreds of thousands of deaths
economic devastation in south, growth in north
constitutional changes
- idea of secession disproven -> perpetual union
- 13th amendment approved
- idea of special wartime powers for president
describe lincoln’s plans for reconstruction
vetoes wade davis bill
only 10% loyalty pledge required
describe the wade davis bill
50% of voting population in southern states have to pledge loyalty to get back in the union
would force states to allow african americans to vote to meet that goal
describe andrew johnson’s beliefs
hates white plantation owning traitor class in south
white supremacist
describe johnson’s plan for reconstruction
absorb debts of confederate states
states must repeal secession declarations to rejoin union
states must ratify 13th amendment
must pass laws limiting the rights of african americans
no revels are really punished
what are apprenticeship laws?
black codes
require free african americans to have jobs to avoid being jailed
end up working on plantations again
describe the civil rights act of 1866
all people of all races get basic rights (not right to vote)
what legislature does congress overturn johnson’s vetoes of?
creation of freedmen’s bureau
civil rights act of 1866
what are the plans for congressional reconstruction?
absorb confederate debt
14th amendment
describe the 14th amendment
all men get citizenship (not right to vote)
bill of rights applies to state governments
former confederates need to be pardoned by congress to serve in office
- excludes traitors
describe the swing around the circle campaign
johnson
travels around to gain public support and turn people away from republican party
not really successful
describe the reconstruction act of 1867
south becomes militarily occupied
to rejoin union, southern states have to:
ratify 14th amendment
pass 50% loyalty pledge
make new state constitutions with all laws applying to all races
describe johnson’s impeachment
violate tenure in office act by firing his secretary of war
not removed from office, but no one likes him anymore
describe the election of 1868
republicans - ulysses s grant, war hero
democrats - horatio seymore, states rights, fan of war
grant wins thanks to african americans being able to vote -> republicans want to expand voting rights further
describe the 15th amendment
all men get right to vote
alienates white women from movement for african american rights
describe the impact of the panic of 1873
southern farmers are really badly impacted, inflation crisis
causes resentment towards state governments
describe sharecropping
white planters rent out small parts of land to african americans in exchange for a portion of the crops
causes cycles of debt
slavery 2.0
describe the mississippi plan
white supremacist groups coordinate to keep african americans and republicans from voting with violence and intimidation
successful - republicans stop winning elections
describe the force acts and kkk bill
gave federal government the power to prosecute people trying to restrict the ability of african americans to vote
what motivated the force acts?
mississippi plan
white supremacist violence
what caused the end of reconstruction?
growing northern indifference
- 15th amendment will keep republicans in power, we dont need to do anything else
- southern republicans move up north
- reconstruction viewed as hopeless in the south
focus on western development
republicans lose control of house of representatives
constitutional challenges
southern states rejoining union -> military occupation ending -> black voting rights begin to be restricted again
election of 1876
describe us v cruikshank
1876 supreme court ruling
decides that bill of rights doesnt actually apply to state governments
undermines 14th amendment
describe the slaughterhouse and civil rights cases
civil rights act of 1875 is unconstitutional
undermine 14th amendment
what methods were used by southern governments to restrict african american voting rights?
poll taxes
literacy tests
grandfather clauses - if your grandfather could vote, you can too
describe the election of 1876
republican - hayes
democrat - tilden, focus on government corruption and reform
very dirty campaign - intimidation, voter fraud
should go to house of representatives, but a special election committee is instead created to determine the winner
hayes wins! democrat uproar! the whole thing is kind of sketchy
causes compromise of 1877 and end of reconstruction
describe the compromise of 1877
hayes gets office from election of 1876 in exchange for all troops being withdrawn from south
end of reconstruction
