Unit 4 terms!! Flashcards
54-40 or fight
who: james k polk
what: message in election of 1844
i will annex oregon to the 54’40” line!
where: oregon
when: election of 1844
why: helps win support of northerners who would usually not be a fan because he wanted to annex texas
significance: helps win support + election
but he eventually drops it to negotiate a parallel of 49’ with british
causes alienation of northern democrats after election -> increasing separation in democrat party
american anti-slavery society
who: william lloyd garrison,
what: society for the abolition of slavery!! for like moral reasons though not to kick african americans out
where: us
when: began 1833
why: slavery is immoral
significance: main driver of abolition movement
split in 1839 over differences in radicalness - women’s rights + constitution being good or bad
auburn system
who: Elam Lynds
what: system in which prisons more closely resemble society
where: auburn, NY
when: 1820s
why: replaced older pennsylvania system of solitary confinement
goal to help prisoners rehabilitate better
significance: part of special institution reform
charles g finney
who:
what: preacher in 2nd great awakening
“father of second great awakening and modern revivalism”
important leader in temperance movement
where: burned over district in western new york
when: 1800-1831 (2nd great awakening)
why: focus on individual human actions, not work of god
significance: used white middle class women to bring people into church!! -> growth of women’s rights :)
most effective in smaller towns
temperance movement was successful
compromise of 1850
who: fillmore, clay, calhoun, webster, stephen douglas
what:
01. california admitted as free
02. new mexico open to popular sovereignty
03. no slave trade in DC
04. stronger fugitive slave act
05. texas’s debt absolved
where: us
when: 1850
why: california gold rush -> california applies for statehood as a free state, which would upset the balance!
attempt to reduce rising sectional tensions
significance: works a bit (midterms in 1852 are centered around following the compromise)
senate balance tipped towards free states
north freaks out about fugitive slave act - forces state government to dedicate resources to supporting slavery
overall increases sectionalism
denmark vesey
who:
what: planned biggest slave rebellion in us history. uprising of up to thousands of african americans
where: south carolina
when: 1822
why: inspired by abolitionist works
significance: authorities found out + killed vesey
held up as important figure in fight for abolition
dorothea dix
who:
what: journalist
advocated for the mentally ill
where:
when: 1830s
why: idea that mentally ill should be separated from criminals in prisons and given medical help
significance: caused the creation of asylums
election of 1844
who: whigs: henry clay, democrats : james k polk
what: main topic : texas annexation
clay refuses to talk about texas or slavery
polk is in favor of annexing texas - wins
liberty party gets enough votes to make dems win in ny + win the whole election
where: us
when: 1844
why: dems initially nominated van buren but then he made an agreement with clay to not talk about the annexation of texas or slavery and southern democrats do not like that!
significance: focus around texas
president is elected who wants to annex texas
election of 1848
who: whigs: zachary taylor (millard fillmore vp)
democrats: lewis cass
what: main issue: slavery in the mexican cession!
zachary taylor: war hero!
division in democratic party:
northerners want van buren who is against the spread of slavery
end up nominating lewis cass: supports popular sovereignty
free soil party: martin van buren, supports wilmot proviso, appeals to conscience whigs and northern democrats
where: us
when: 1848
why: slavery in mexican cession is a hot topic!
significance: free soil party takes enough votes from democrats in new york that whigs win!
elizabeth cady stanton
who:
what: leader of the women’s rights movement
one of the women denied from entering the world anti-slavery convention
big advocate for women’s rights!
where: seneca falls, NY
when: seneca falls convention in 1848
why: women’s rights!!
significance: wrote declaration and sentiments of the rights of women (document that “effectively launched the women’s rights movement”
frederick douglass
who:
what: african american abolitionist
born into enslavement + escaped
published several books + abolitionist newspaper (The North Star)
important member in american anti-slavery society
where:
when: the north star began in 1847
why: abolition!! slavery bad
significance: very important figure in abolition movement
famous autobiography “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself”
promoted abolition around the country
free soil party
who: nominated van buren
what: supports wilmot proviso - no slavery in mexican cession, abolition of slavery everywhere too
appeal to conscience whigs + northern democrats
where: us
when: election of 1848
why: don’t want competition from unpaid labor, want lands available for white settlers
origin in liberty party
significance: got enough votes away from democrats in new york to make whigs win -> zachary taylor becomes president
gag rule
who: (Henry Pinkney)
what: rule in house of representatives: we won’t hear petitions about slavery here!
where: house of representatives
when: 1836
why: pro-slavery people control congress: southern democrats + cotton whigs
result of sectional conflict over annexation of texas
significance: caused tensions between north and south in house of reps
james polk
who:
what: democrat president
where: us
when: president 1845-1849
why: sectional conflict in democrat party
previous nominee (van buren) made agreement with clay to not talk about slavery so they drop him and go for polk
plans to annex texas and oregon and california
significance: caused mexican american war
drops 54’40” or fight and negotiates with british for 49’ parallel
liberty party
who:
what: party in 1844 election
first abolitionist political party!
split off from american anti-slavery society due to belief that constitution is good and antislavery
- people like garrison believed constitution was bad >;(
where: us
when: election of 1844
why: abolitionists!!
significance: obviously didn’t win, but they got enough votes in new york so cause democrats to win new york and eventually win the whole election
manifest destiny
who: term coined by john o sullivan
what: the us is destined to take over the north american continent!
where: us
when: rose to prominence in 1840
why: influenced by puritan thought, romanticism, jefferson, jackson
significance: justification for mexican american war + annexation of texas
mormons
who: started by joseph smith
what: religious denomination
idea of us as center of christianity
appeals to people who were harmed by market revolution
where: settled utah in 1847
when: settled utah in 1847
why: 2nd great awakening!
significance: faced with hostility and moved to utah
mr. polk’s war
who: james k polk
what: mexican american war
where: mexico vs us
when: 1846-1848
why: disputed territory between nueces river and rio grande between us and mexico
polk sents troops into it + gets fired on
democrats support war
whigs are divided - north doesn’t want to potentially add more slave states, but they go along with it to not seem unpatriotic (don’t want to disappear like the federalists)
significance: treaty of guadalupe hidalgo - us gets a bunch of land in exchange for $15 million
displays power of us to europe
worse relationships with latin america
new political leaders (war heroes) and military leaders too (prep for civil war)
nat turner
who: born into slavery
what: led only effective sustained slave rebellion in us history
where: virginia
when: 1831
why: slavery bad. illustrates to slaveholders that no, the slaves are not content with their conditions
significance: crushed by state militia
caused a lot of fear in southern slaveholders!! -> more oppressive restrictions on the rights of enslaved people
increased abolitionist convictions
popular sovereignty
who: lewis cass
what: whether or not a state is a slave state is determined by the people
where: new us territories
when: election of 1848
why: appeals to southerners who want to be able to do slavery in south
significance: given to new mexico in compromise of 1850
second great awakening
who: charles finney, lyman beecher
what: turn back towards religion!!
very individualistic compared to first great awakening
camp meetings in west - gatherings to listen to preachers, emotional outlet
individuals have the power to turn away from sin and experience salvation
where: especially in west, burned over district in western new york
when: 1800-1831
why: people are migrating west -> lacking community + structure -> turn to religion!!
market revolution caused a focus on money -> bad >:(
significance: motivates a lot of social movements! (temperance, education, abolition)
seneca falls convention
who: elizabeth stanton
what: gathering between activists for women’s rights
called upon women to organize and to petition for their rights
where: seneca falls, NY
when: 1848
why: women’s rights!!
women abolitionists hadn’t been let into world anti-slavery convention
significance: very important moment for women’s rights movement
susan b anthony
who:
what: participated in abolitionist movement, temperance movement, and mainly women’s rights movement
member of american anti-slavery society
where:
when:
why: women’s rights! abolition!
significance: very important arguer for women’s rights
helped organize movement
temperance movement
who: lyman beecher
what: movement against alcohol consumption + addiction
where: us
when: american temperance society formed in 1826
why: alcohol consumption was very high in 1820s
significance: nationwide participation
local and stage governments support idea with laws
causes decrease in alcohol consumption in 1830s :)
also some anti-immigrant sentiment built into it
transcendentalists
who: margaret fuller, ralph waldo emerson, henry thoreau
what: uniquely american philosophical ideas
challenges rationalism + materialism
critical of society
creation is unified
people are inherently good
rejection of logic in favor of insight
where: new england
when: begins in 1830
why: influenced by romanticism
significance: aids in development of us national identity
treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo
who: us and mexico under polk
what: treaty that established border between us and mexico along rio grande
also gives us a bunch of land in exchange for $15 million
where: us gets California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming
when: 1848
why: result of us winning mexican american war
initially there was conflict over how much mexican land the us wanted to take: polk wanted all of it and whigs / some democrats only wanted some
significance: gives the us a bunch of new land
winning the war displays power of the us to europe (first war won without their help)
relations with latin america get worse
(rise of new political + military leaders from war)
webster-ashburton treaty
who: tyler (president)
what: treaty between us and britain that confirms us border with canada in northeast maine
where: northeast maine
when: 1842
why: dispute over aroostook territory in northern maine, aroostook “war”
significance: us gains a bit of land in missouri where there is lots of coal and iron :)
whig party
who: william henry harrison, zachary taylor
what: fans of american system
not fans of andrew jackson
where:
when: began with election of 1836
why: originally formed in opposition to the power of andrew jackson, executive branch has too much power!
significance: found a lot of political success in running war heroes for president
split into conscience whigs and cotton whigs
william lloyd garrison
who:
what: white guy abolitionist
also advocate for women’s rights
where: us
when: liberator newspaper started in 1831
american anti-slavery society started in 1833
why: motivated by strong religious convictions
anti-constitution
comes from second great awakening ideas
significance: very important for abolition!
significant member of early moral abolitionist movement
wilmot proviso
who: under polk, david wilmot
what: proposition to have no slavery in mexican cession! doesn’t pass though
where: mexican cession
when: 1846
why: northern opinion - don’t want slavery in mexican cession so the region can be open to white settlers
kind of upset they didn’t get all of oregon so they want all of the mexican cession
significance: doesn’t pass
supported by free soil party in election of 1848
exemplifies how north feels about slavery in the mexican cession
