Unit 1 Vocab Flashcards
Pueblo Revolt
1680
Santa Fe
Revolt against spanish colonialism by Pueblo native people
led by Po’Pay
Results: lost in 1693, spanish begin to give up some things to natives to prevent tensions from rising so much in the future
- abolished encomienda system and created hacienda (not actually much better(
- syncretism of religion
- halted northwards expansion
notable for being only (initially) successful anticolonial native uprising in north america
black legend
who: believed by the English (and others) about the Spanish
what: mythological-type idea spread through anti-Spanish propaganda that Spanish committed especially bad crimes in their colonization of the new world compared to the British
where: colonization of the americas
when: origin in 16th century
why: justified colonial expansion -> we are not as bad as them, political rivalry with competing colonizers
significance: example of conflict between colonial powers in new world, how colonizers went to great lengths to justify their actions
declaratory act
who: enacted by British government, impacted colonists in americas
what: law that only British can tax colonies and they have every right to do that!
where: american colonies
when: 1766 (1760s), came with repeal of stamp act
why: stamp act repealed due to dissatisfaction and conflict with colonists. this new act asserted the British’s dominance over the colonies
significance: another act that caused turmoil in american colonies. people see this as unjust and want to reform or even revolt, since it limited their previous ability (salutary neglect period) to self-govern.
general court
who: representatives elected by massachusetts company stockholders
what: (somewhat) democratic self governing system in MA. stockholders in MA company voted for representatives. came along with creation of a state constitution.
where: boston
when: 1629
why: organized MA. related to religion, as all voters had to be churchgoing men. political structure of self-governance and democracy.
significance: constitutional republic! early enactment of ideas that became important for the US. here, roughly 90% of men could vote, which is more than other colonies at this time which limited voting to landowners
great migration
who: British puritans
what: moving en masse to massachusetts
where: massachusetts
when: 1630-1640
why: puritans were calvinists and disagreed with the anglican church, so they left in the hopes of creating a religious community in the americas, like a city on a hill / beacon to the rest of the world
significance: the puritans were much more organized than other colonies - they first sent over carpenters and builders to create towns, and then the settlers traveled to these towns. Because of this, the puritans were much more successful than other early colonies, such as plymoth and jamestown. their motivations for migrating were a basis for the idea of american exceptionalism, where americans view their country as really great compared to the rest of the world
headright
who: settlers in virginia
what: the allotment of a certain amount of land to each settler + to those who paid for others to settle (indentured servitude)
where: virginia
when: established in 1618
why: tobacco was becoming really important during this time, but it required a lot of labor to grow. This system rewarded investors who could get a lot of people to sign up for indentured servitude in virginia with land, and these indentured servants could be used for labor.
significance: early response to the need for large amounts of labor for growth of tobacco
later slavery became favored and this fell out of use
virginia company of london
who: british, recieved a charter from king james I
what: joint-stock company
where: origin in england, settled in virginia (jamestown)
when: 1606
why: wanted to send over colonists to find gold + profit in the new world
significance: responsible for creation of jamestown (first permanent english settlement in americas).
penn’s holy experiment
who: william penn
what: plan for establishment of pennsylvania
where: pennsylvania (middle colony)
when: 1681
why: wanted to found a colony based around quakerism. wanted a sort of religious utopia -> religious freedom, equality
significance: in penn’s plan for his colony of pennsylvania we see an origin point for a lot of major ideas in the founding of the us, such as freedom of religion and equality. However, pennsylvania did not stay aligned with penn’s vision throughout its lifetime, as eventually it lost its equality and participated in the slave trade, showing how in this time period these ideals were incompletely executed and limited
pontiac’s rebellion
who: natives in northeast vs british colonists
what: armed conflict
where: great lakes region
when: 1763
why: after the french and indian war, british settlers are rushing into their newly aquired land. this motivates natives to revolt in this conflict
significance: resulted in proclamation of 1763 - britain declares that you are not alowed to settle past the appalacian mountains to prevent further conflict. causes tensions between british and american colonists post french and indian war
william bradford
who: first major (real first guy died) governor of pilgrims in plymouth
what: governor of plymouth colony
where: plymouth colony (massachusetts)
when: 1621
why: wanted to establish community for god centered around religion
significance: played a major role in creating and shaping political institutions created in new england. example of religious goals for settlement of new england region
albany plan of union
who: ben franklin
what: plan for unification of american colonies. idea that all colonies send representatives to american parliament, unified militia for defense in war, power to tax colonies
where: original american colonies
when: 1754
why: response to conflict leading up to french and indian war
significance: though rejected, it was the first major proposal for unification of the colonies, made that idea more widespread. illustrates the idea that colonies want to tax themselves
ben franklin
who:
what: us founding father, important figure in pre-independence politics
where: lived in boston, pennsylvania
when: proposed albany plan of union 1754
why: deist - big on religious tolerance and individualism, liked enlightenment ideas.
significance: important character in discussion about what to do about british imposing on americans. proposed albany plan of union in 1754 - spread ideas about unification of colonies
cartier + champlain
who: french explorers in north america
what: explorers
where: north america
when: quebec established in 1608
why: looking for northwest passage to india, establishing trading posts for fur
significance: showed french focus on exporation and trade rather than settlements. established french presence in northern north america
congregationalism
who: puritan societies
what: democratic system of religious institutions
where: massachusetts
when: puritans arrived in 1630
why: gave individual church members power in what their church taught and practiced
significance: early example of democracy becoming important in american settlement
coronado
who: spanish explorer
what: explored up to kansas, treated natives brutally
where: southwestern us, mexico -> kansas
when: 1540
why: looking for 7 cities of gold
significance: spread spanish influence further into north america. example of brutal treatment of natives by european colonizers
dominion of new england
who: britain
what: taking control of new england colonies, combining them in super colony!!
where: new england
when: 1686-1689
why: king philip’s war + bacon’s rebellion -> british feel the need to take more control of colonies because they are fighting with natives and each other
significance: helped british enforce mercantilism in era of militarism. ended after a few years, showing growing differentiation feelings between british and americans
first continental congress
who: american colonies
what: gathering of representatives
where: Philadelphia, pennsylvania
when: 1774
why: need to discuss all the stuff the british are doing (taxation acts, occupation of MA) and how to respond
significance: shows growing conflict between british and colonies and the idea of a unified response to it. involved proposals for several solutions, including creating a colonial parliament (self-governance!) and kicking out the british from preexisting governments
french and indian war
who: british and native allies vs french and native allies
what: conflict over land
where: northeast north america, between british and french settlements
when: 1754-1763
why: colonial competition and conflict
significance: motivated calls for a unified response from british colonies because they are scared! (albany plan of union). causes british to get new land -> settlers rush into new territories -> pontiac’s rebellion -> proclamation of 1763 -> tensions between british and colonists
glorious revolution
who: english
what: revolution - king james II exiled + replaced with new leaders
where: england
when: 1688
why: political and religious conflict within england
significance: motivated end of dominion of new england (old king gone, we should get rid of all the structures he left that we didn’t like)
house of burgesses
who: representatives elected by virginians
what: first elected government in british american settlement
where: virginia
when: 1619
why: need for political structure
significance: an origin for american focus on democracy!! (limited though, only white landowning men can vote)
middle passage
who: enslaved africans transported to americas
what: route between west african coast and americas where enslaved people were transported
where: atlantic
when: 1619
why: plantation agriculture, desire for the products of labor-intensive farming but not actually doing the work yourself
significance: impact of american colonization on african continent -> large scale loss of population, spread of african diaspora
navigation acts
who: british, impacted american colonists
what: laws that regulated colonial trade: only trade with britain, no manufacturing in colonies, taxes on imported goods
where: american colonies
when: 1651
why: enforced mercantilism, established trade relationships between england and colonies that were only beneficial to england.
significance: caused an increase in trade but colonists got into debt due to reliance on consumer goods, and people are dissatisfied -> piracy >:)
pilgrims
who: british protestant separatists
what: wanted to separate from anglican church and create own religious communities based on protestant ideas
where: from england to massachussets
when: migrated to plymoth in 1620
why: motivated to leave by religious suppression from anglican church
significance: kind of set an example for later protestant migration to americas of this type (puritans!), established mayflower compact which was democratic
plantation economy
who: southern colonists (georgia, carolinas)
what: economy based around the large scale production of cash crops (ex. sugar, cotton, tobacco), generally worked by forced labor (indentured servants, later mainly slaves)
where: southern colonies like georgia and the carolinas, but also in middle colonies somewhat
when: begin in early 16th century
why: desire for profit
significance: facilitated by environments well suited to cash crops, so this was more common in the south. these economies were very important in these regions - allowed colonies to exist (profits for companies and government), motivated widespread use of slavery
salutary neglect
who: british, impacted american colonists
what: lax enforcement of navigation acts allowed smuggling
where: colonies in americas
when: 1720-1754
why: decreased importance to british government, also corruption
significance: colonies experience increased economic independence from england, makes it all the more impactful when england turns around and starts being more controlling
separatists
who: pilgrims!
what: wanted to separate from anglican church and create own religious communities based on protestant ideas
where: from england to massachussets
when: migrated to plymoth in 1620
why: motivated to leave by religious suppression from anglican church
significance: kind of set an example for later protestant migration to americas of this type (puritans!), established mayflower compact which was democratic
serpent of wealth
who: puritans, response to merchants
what: idea that accumulation of wealth is immoral and should not be done
where: massachusetts
when: by 1700, begins in 1640s
why: economic activity is making puritans wealthy! merchants are becoming common and powerful
significance: caused a decreased in commitment to puritanism and strict religious moralism. point of internal conflict within puritan society that contributed to their downfall.
stono rebellion
who: enslaved africans
what: major attempt at escape from enslavement
where: south carolina
when: 1739
why: slaves were somewhat educated, so they were aware of being able to potentially find freedom in florida and could organize this revolt
significance: first major organized slave revolt in american colonies. motivated creation of slave codes that prevented enslaved people from becoming educated.
toleration act of 1649
who: christians of all denominations
what: allowed religious freedom as long as you are christian
where: maryland
when: 1649
why: accommodated the growing population of protestant immigrants in the catholic founded colony of maryland
significance: early example of the idea of religious freedom being practiced in american colonies to some extent (obviously still limited to christians)
