(AP) unit 1 things!! Flashcards
What was a major driver of native american development?
domestication of corn in mexico
5,000 bc
hunting + gathering -> settled agriculture
how did native americans in the great plains adapt to their environment
dry area -> nomadic culture, hunted bison, used teepees (easy to move around)
some limited farming near waterways
used spears with clovis points to hunt
once horses were introduced by spanish, they became very important to nomadic groups
how did native americans in the southwest adapt to their environment
irrigation projects, lived in cave systems
- called puebloan people, made up of mogollon, hohokam, and anasazi
- navajos and apaches arrived later
permanent settlements
farmed corn!
ultimately most ancestral pueblos left due to drought
how did native americans in the northwest adapt to their environment
fishing
how did native americans in the northeast adapt to their environment
forests -> wooden longhouses
ex. iroquois people
three sisters farming as a cash crop
region heavily settled during hopewellian period
- mound building
several groups created iroquois great league of peace to stop intertribal violence (first american democracy?!?!)
how did native americans in the mississippian region / east coast adapt to their environment
farming
- large settlements like cahokia (big city), poverty point
- three sister farming: corn, beans, and squash planted together, mutually beneficial for all three plants
five civilized tribes lived here
also mound building
wealth inequality, slavery
how did native americans in the colorado river region adapt to their environment
gathered wild food
planted tobacco
ate acorns
- women gathered, removed toxins, and made flour from the acorns
how can the crusades be connected to us history?
crusades eventually lead to reconquista of southern iberian peninsula by newly unified spain
atmosphere of religious intolerance would push leaders in spain and portugal to explore americas to convert native americans
why were europeans motivated economically to explore the west
trade routes existed to get east, but they were controlled by muslim empires so trading goods picked up taxes
sailing around tip of africa is very hazardous
how were europeans initially able to turn the land trade routes to the east into sea routes? what were the impacts of this
invention of portuguese caravel made it feasible to get around tip of africa
impacts:
discover islands which are really good for growing cash crops
get involved in slave trade in western africa
portugal is doing all of this so other european powers want to catch up somehow…
describe the treaty of tordesillas
agreement between spain and portugal
spain is worried that portugal is going to take all the cool land columbus found
portugal can have east of this line, spain can have west
how were plants moved in the columbian exchange
europe -> americas
- sugar, grapes, coffee to be grown as cash crops
- medicinal plant knowledge from enslaved africans
americas -> europe
- tomatoes, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava
- very calorically dense -> improved european nutrition, population increase in europe and africa
- medicinal plants -> emergence of botany
how were animals moved in the columbian exchange
europe -> americas
- cattle, sheep, pigs, horses
- horses used by nomadic natives, revolutionized hunting ability
- pigs were allowed to roam freely and ate natives’ crops, kind of pests
americas -> europe
how were animals moved in the columbian exchange
europe -> americas
-smallpox, measles, whooping cough
- within 100 years, 90% of people living in americas died
- spread through native american trade networks
americas -> europe
- not much except syphilis
- much higher population density let diseases evolve in europe + africa
- europeans lived close to animals, disease passed between them
how were people moved in the columbian exchange
native americans dying from disease -> need of new labor source
enslaved africans brought to carribbean so that majority of population there is african
new food sources from americas -> population growth in europe -> worries of overpopulation -> send people over to colonies
population growth in africa -> less population impact from millions of enslaved people sent out
define mercantilism
- wealth = gold and silver
- to gain power, nations must gather wealth from colonies
- no free trade, nations should control trade to have more power
- colonies exist to strengthen nation
- with cheap labor, raw materials from colonies are produced and send to nation
- nation creates finished goods which it sends back to colonies
define commodification
goods like silver and tobacco, used by natives for rituals, became commodities with monetary value for europe
what were mourning wars?
iroquois tradition
native americans take captives and torture them to deal with their grief
happened more after columbian exchange brought diseases and caused lots of deaths
define the pueblo revolt
1680
Santa Fe
Revolt against spanish colonialism by Pueblo native people
led by Po’Pay
Results: lost in 1693, spanish begin to give up some things to natives to prevent tensions from rising so much in the future
- abolished encomienda system and created hacienda (not actually much better(
- syncretism of religion
- halted northwards expansion
notable for being only (initially) successful anticolonial native uprising in north america
describe the black legend
who: believed by the English (and others) about the Spanish
what: mythological-type idea spread through anti-Spanish propaganda that Spanish committed especially bad crimes in their colonization of the new world compared to the British
where: colonization of the americas
when: origin in 16th century
why: justified colonial expansion -> we are not as bad as them, political rivalry with competing colonizers
significance: example of conflict between colonial powers in new world, how colonizers went to great lengths to justify their actions
who was coronado
who: spanish explorer
what: explored up to kansas, treated natives brutally
where: southwestern us, mexico -> kansas
when: 1540
why: looking for 7 cities of gold
significance: spread spanish influence further into north america. example of brutal treatment of natives by european colonizers
describe the encomienda system
used by spanish on natives
theoretically natives work in exchange for protection, but ended up exploiting their labor
harsh treatment and disease greatly decrease native population
describe the spanish caste system
more spanish blood you have, the more legal rights you have
described with casta paintings
illustrate how spanish attempted to convert and incorporate native people rather than completely excluding them like the british
who was harnan cortes
spanish conquistador
conquered Tenochtitlan in 1519 with native american allies
who was francisco pizarro
spanish conquistador
conquered inca empire
who was hernando de soto
spanish conquistador
explored areas of southeast us
who was Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
spanish conquistador
explored up to kansas in 1540 in search of 7 cities of gold
failed, caused death and debt
who was de las casas
spanish intellectual
suggested enslaving africans instead of natives
later regretted it
