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Honors Biology > *Unit 8 Part 1: Viruses, Bacteria, and Germ Theory > Flashcards

*Unit 8 Part 1: Viruses, Bacteria, and Germ Theory Flashcards

Viruses, Bacteria, and Germ Theory

1
Q

Germ Theory led to…

A

the understanding that many diseases are caused by microorganisms (viruses and bacteria).

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2
Q

Experiments conducted by _____ and _____ led to an understanding of the presence of microorganisms and their relationship to diseases.

A

Louis Paseur; Robert Koch

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3
Q

Miasma is Greek for…

A

“bad air”

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4
Q

Miasma Theory

A

Belief that rotting organic matter would become “bad air” and could cause disease

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5
Q

Is the following statement true or false?
Inhaling pathogens can make us sick.

A

True

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6
Q

The plague doctors iconic beaks semi-worked because…

A

the beak acted as a barrier that prevented the inhalation of pathogens.

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7
Q

Pasteurization

A

Heating liquids to a specific temperature to kill bacteria

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8
Q

Who laid the foundation for modern public health and medicine?

A

Louis Pasteur

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9
Q

Who discovered microorganisms infect healthy organisms?

A

Robert Koch

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10
Q

Who is considered the “Father of Epidemiolgy”?

A

Jon Snow

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11
Q

Who revolutionized medical procedures with antiseptic?

A

Joseph Lister

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12
Q

Who invented the process of pasteurization?

A

Louis Pasteur

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13
Q

Is the following statement true or false?
Pasteurization is no longer used in food and medical industries.

A

False

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14
Q

Who conducted an experiment that disproved spontaneous generation?

A

Louis Pasteur

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15
Q

Who showed that microorganisms come from outside instead of being spontaneously generated in broth?

A

Louis Pasteur

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16
Q

Who invented vaccines against anthrax and rabies?

A

Louis Pasteur

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17
Q

Is the following statement true or false?
Anthrax and rabies vaccines is saving the lives of millions.

A

True

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18
Q

Who developed Koch’s Postulates?

A

Robert Koch

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19
Q

Koch’s Postulate

A

A test to see which microorganisms cause a specific disease

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20
Q

What four traits do disease causing organisms have in common?

A
  1. Found in all cases of disease
  2. Removed and cultured (grown) in a laboratory
  3. Injected into a healthy organism to cause the same disease
  4. Match the original sample when removed from organism #2
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21
Q

Who investigated a London outbreak of Cholera in 1854?

A

Jon Snow

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22
Q

Who did not believe in the Miasma Theory?

A

Jon Snow

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23
Q

Who was ridiculed by the public for thinking Cholera had another source?

A

Jon Snow

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24
Q

Who removed the handle of a water pump?

A

Jon Snow

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25
Q

Who stopped an outbreak of Cholera and proved his theory?

A

Jon Snow

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26
Q

Who based his research off the work of Louis Pasteur?

A

Joseph Lister

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27
Q

Who developed the first antiseptic used in medical settings: namely surgical procedures?

A

Joseph Lister

28
Q

Before Lister, most surgery patients died from _____.

A

infection

29
Q

Why did most surgery patients die?

A

~Surgeons did not sterilize their instruments
~Surgeons did not wash their hands

30
Q

Who proved the use of carbolic acid to sterilize surgical tools combined with washing hands decreased death rates?

A

Joseph Lister

31
Q

After implementing Lister’s changes, surgical mortality fell from _____ to _____.

A

45%; 15%

32
Q

Aseptic

A

Sterile

33
Q

List the results of the germ theory of disease.

A

~Modern heath practices
—-Aseptic techniques to keep germs out of the body
—-Development of vaccinations and antibiotics to prevent and fight disease
—-Safe handling of food and water
~Sanitation

34
Q

Pathogen

A

A microscopic disease-causing organism

35
Q

List the types of pathogens.

A

~Bacteria
~Virus
~Fungi
~Parasites

36
Q

What is the most abundant life form on Earth?

A

Bacteria

37
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

A

~Rods
~Spheres
~Spirals

38
Q

The plague, cholera, cavities, dysentery, typhoid fever, MRSA, and acne are all diseases caused by _____.

A

bacteria

39
Q

What is the treatment for bacteria called?

A

Antibiotics

40
Q

How do antibiotics kill bacteria?

A

By disrupting their structure or keeping them from reproducing

41
Q

What and when was the first antibiotic discovered?

A

Penicillin in 1929

42
Q

Do antibiotics work against viruses?

A

Nooooooo

43
Q

Some bacteria have evolved to become _____ to antibiotics.

A

resistant

44
Q

How do good bacteria help the environment?

A

Acting as decomposers to recycle nutrients in the soil

45
Q

How do good bacteria help in food/drink?

A

By helping with fermentation used to make cheese, vinegar, and alcohol

46
Q

How do good bacteria help digestion?

A

Some help digest our food

Ex. E.Coli

47
Q

How do good bacteria help in the medical industry?

A

Helps to manufacture insulin to treat diabetes

48
Q

Is the following statement true or false?
Viruses are not alive.

A

True

49
Q

Are viruses made of cells?

A

No

50
Q

Viruses need a host to _____.

A

reproduce

51
Q

List the basic structure of viruses.

A

~Nucleic acid core (either RNA or DNA)
~Protein coat

52
Q

Viruses are about _____ smaller than bacteria.

A

100x

53
Q

Viruses can only be seen with an _____.

A

electron microscope

54
Q

Explain how the following word relates to virus transmission.

Droplets

A

~Sent into the air after someone coughs/sneezes
~One way viruses are spread

55
Q

Explain how the following word relates to virus transmission.

Food/Water

A

~If contaminated, it can infect people when ingested
~One way viruses are spread

56
Q

Explain how the following word relates to virus transmission.

Fomites

A

~An inanimate object a virus can sit on for several days before infecting someone
~One way viruses are spread

57
Q

Explain how the following word relates to virus transmission.

Direct Contact

A

~Coming into physical contact with an infected person or their bodily fluid
~One way viruses are spread

58
Q

Viruses need a host cell to _____ and _____ their genetic information.

A

transcribe; translate

59
Q

List the steps to viral replication.

A
  1. The virus attaches to a cell and injects DNA
  2. Viral DNA takes over protein synthesis
  3. New viruses are made
  4. The cell breaks open releasing viruses
60
Q

Some viruses insert genetic material into the host’s DNA, then remain _____ and reproduce _____.

A

dormant; later

61
Q

The common cold, flu, rubella, mumps/measles, smallpox, hepatitis, polio, HIV/AIDS, rabies, and COVID-19 are all examples of _____ diseases.

A

viral

62
Q

What is the prevention towards viral diseases?

A

Vaccines

63
Q

Vaccines

A

~Weak or inactive virus injected into body
~Makes your immune system creat antibodies
~Can recognize and fight off the virus later

64
Q

Antibiotics only work on _____ infections.

A

bacterial

65
Q

Some _____ can treat viral diseases.

A

anti-virals

Honors Biology (42 decks)

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