*Unit 5 Part 2: Mendel & Basics of Genetics Flashcards

Meiosis and Genetics

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1
Q

Genetics

A

The study of genes and heredity

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2
Q

Heredity

A

Passing traits from parents to offspring

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3
Q

Who was the father of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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4
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

~Father of Genetics
~1822-1884
~Austrian monk
~Performed crosses (experimental breeding) with the garden peas at his monastery
~Made laws of heredity based on analysis of how traits are inherited

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5
Q

Trait

A

Any observable characteristic

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6
Q

Genes

A

DNA that holds information for a trait

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7
Q

Allele

A

One version of a trait

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8
Q

Diploid organisms (such as humans) have _____ of each gene.

A

2 copies

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9
Q

When one allele masks the effect of another, that allele is called _____ and the other _____.

A

dominant; recessive

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10
Q

Diploid

A

Containing 2 copies of each chromosome, making genes occur in pairs

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11
Q

Genotype

A

Gene combinations for a trait
Ex. RR, Rr, rr

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12
Q

Homozygous

A

Two of the same alleles
Ex. RR rr

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles
Ex. Rr

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14
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical feature resulting from the genotype

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15
Q

Each alleles is written as a letter that usually comes from the _____ allele.

A

dominant

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16
Q

_____ is uppercase.

A

Dominant

17
Q

_____ is lowercase.

A

Recessive

18
Q

Write the genotype in words.
RR

A

Homozygous Dominant (Purebred)

19
Q

Write the genotype in words.
Rr

A

Heterozygous (Hybrid)

20
Q

Write the genotype in words.
rr

A

Homozygous Recessive (Purebred)

21
Q

Parental P1 Generation

A

The original parental generation

22
Q

F1 Generation

A

The first generation offspring

23
Q

F2 Generation

A

The second generation offspring comes from breeding individuals from the F1 generation

24
Q

What did Mendel observe?

A
  1. Crossed parental generation
    ~Purebred white (pp) x purebred purple (PP) flower
  2. Crossed F1 Generation
    ~All had purple petals (Pp) x (Pp)
  3. Crossed F2 Generation
    ~Whites reappeared
    ~25% PP
    ~25% pp
    ~50% Pp
25
Q

Law of Segregation

A

~You can only pass one copy of your genes to your offspring
~Child gets second copy from other parent

26
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

~The allele you pass on of one trait does not affect what allele get passes on for a different trait in a gamete
~Ex. eye color does not affect height

27
Q

Law of Dominance

A

~Alleles that are recessive are masked by dominant alleles when both are present

28
Q

Polygenic

A

~”many genes”
~Several genes influence a trait
~Show a range of traits
~Are harder to study than single-gene traits

29
Q

List examples of polygenic traits in humans.

A

~Eye color
~Weight
~Height
~Hair
~Skin color

30
Q

What are the exceptions to the law of Dominance?

A

~Incomplete dominance
~Codominance

31
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Alleles blend

32
Q

Codominance

A

Alleles show up together