Unit 8- Emotions, Stress, and Health

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

need/desire that energizes behavior

Question 2

instinct

Answer 2

unlearned behavior patterned throughout species

Question 3

drive-reduction theory

Answer 3

physiological need creates a drive that motivates organism to satisfy need (eating to reduce feeling of hunger)

Question 4

homeostasis

Answer 4

maintain balanced/constant internal state

Question 5

incentive

Answer 5

positive/negative external stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 6

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 6

performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Question 7

hierarchy of needs

Answer 7

Maslow, pyramid of human needs where basic needs need to be satisfied first (bottom of pyramid) to reach the top of the pyramid (advanced needs)

• (bottom) physiological needs- satisfy hunger and thirst
• safety needs
• belongingness and love needs
• esteem needs- recognition and respect from others, self-esteem, independence
• self-actualization needs- need to live up to our fullest and unique potential
• self-transcendence needs- need to find meaning and identity beyond the self

Question 8

glucose

Answer 8

sugar in blood, provides energy

Question 9

set point

Answer 9

individual’s weight is set at this point

Question 10

basal metabolic rate

Answer 10

body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

Question 11

sexual response cycle

Answer 11

4 stages of sexual responding (excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution)

Question 12

refractory period

Answer 12

resting period after orgasm, men can’t achieve another orgasm

Question 13

sexual dysfunction

Answer 13

impairs sexual arousal/functioning

Question 14

estrogens

Answer 14

sex hormones secreted by females

Question 15

testosterone

Answer 15

male sex hormone, stimulates male sex organ growth

Question 16

emotion

Answer 16

physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience

Question 17

James-Lange theory

Answer 17

experience of emotion is the awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimulus, (body before thoughts) (we smile THEN feel happy)

Question 18

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 18

emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers response and emotion, (body with thoughts) (our heart races as we experience fear)

Question 19

two-factor theory

Answer 19

Schachter-Singer theory, experience arousal, label arousal, then experience emotion, (body plus thoughts/label) (emotions don’t exist until we add label to the sensation we are feeling) (arousal could be labeled as fear, excitement, etc depending on situation)

Question 20

polygraph

Answer 20

machine to detect lies, measure responses with emotion

Question 21

facial feedback effect

Answer 21

facial muscles trigger to corresponding emotion, facial position can alter how we feel (faking a relaxed smile face can make you feel better)

Question 22

health psychology

Answer 22

psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

Question 23

stress

Answer 23

perceive/respond to certain events we appraise as challenging

Question 24

general adaption syndrome (GAS)

Answer 24

adaptive response to stress-alarm resistance, exhaustion (our stress response system defends, then fatigues)

Question 25

tend-and-befriend response

Answer 25

under stress people support others, bond/seek support

Question 26

psychophysiological illness

Answer 26

stress related physical illness (headache, hypertension, etc)

Question 27

psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 27

study how psych, neuro, and endocrine effects immune system

Question 28

lymphocytes

Answer 28

two types of white blood cells in immune system (B and T, fight infection, etc)

Question 29

coronary heart disease

Answer 29

clogs vessels in heart, deadly

Question 30

Type A

Answer 30

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive people (Friedman/Rosenman)

Question 31

Type B

Answer 31

easygoing, relaxed people (Friedman/Rosenman)

Question 32

Abraham Maslow

Answer 32

hierarchy of needs to explain human motivation

Question 33

William Masters

Answer 33

theory of four-stage model of sexual response; sexual response cycle

Question 34

Virginia Johnson

Answer 34

observed people engaging in sexual behavior; sexual response cycle

Question 35

William James

Answer 35

theory of motivation, behavior driven by instinct

Question 36

Stanley Schachter

Answer 36

two factor theory of emotion

Question 37

Hans Selye

Answer 37

stress theory; overexposing body to stress causes shock/alarm/exhaustion

Question 38

Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus

Answer 38

body/brain without conscious thoughts emotion theory (we automatically react to a sound in the forest before appraising it)

Question 39

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 39

triggers activity and changes in various organs, orchestrates physiological arousal felt during emotions

Question 40

positive emotions

Answer 40

“approach” emotions (joy, love, goal-seeking) correlate with left frontal lobe activity

Question 41

negative emotions

Answer 41

“withdrawal” emotions (disgust, fear, anger, depression) correlate with right hemisphere activity

Question 42

two dimensions of emotion

Answer 42

James Russell sees our emotional experience in two dimensions:
1. from pleasant to unpleasant
2. from low to high arousal

Question 43

catharsis myth

Answer 43

idea that we can reduce anger by “releasing” it (most cases it worsens it though)

Question 44

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

Answer 44

when in a good mood, we do more for others; doing good feels good

Question 45

adaption-level phenomenon

Answer 45

when our wealth or other life conditions improve, we are happier compared to our past condition

Question 46

relative deprevation

Answer 46

feeling worse off comparing yourself to people who are doing better

Question 47

pessimism

Answer 47

the assumption that negative outcomes will happen, lack of hope for future

Question 48

cortisol

Answer 48

stress hormone, helps body respond to brief stress