Unit 8- Emotions, Stress, and Health Flashcards
motivation
need/desire that energizes behavior
instinct
unlearned behavior patterned throughout species
drive-reduction theory
physiological need creates a drive that motivates organism to satisfy need (eating to reduce feeling of hunger)
homeostasis
maintain balanced/constant internal state
incentive
positive/negative external stimulus that motivates behavior
Yerkes-Dodson law
performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
hierarchy of needs
Maslow, pyramid of human needs where basic needs need to be satisfied first (bottom of pyramid) to reach the top of the pyramid (advanced needs)
- (bottom) physiological needs- satisfy hunger and thirst
- safety needs
- belongingness and love needs
- esteem needs- recognition and respect from others, self-esteem, independence
- self-actualization needs- need to live up to our fullest and unique potential
- self-transcendence needs- need to find meaning and identity beyond the self
glucose
sugar in blood, provides energy
set point
individual’s weight is set at this point
basal metabolic rate
body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
sexual response cycle
4 stages of sexual responding (excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution)
refractory period
resting period after orgasm, men can’t achieve another orgasm
sexual dysfunction
impairs sexual arousal/functioning
estrogens
sex hormones secreted by females
testosterone
male sex hormone, stimulates male sex organ growth
emotion
physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience
James-Lange theory
experience of emotion is the awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimulus, (body before thoughts) (we smile THEN feel happy)
Cannon-Bard theory
emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers response and emotion, (body with thoughts) (our heart races as we experience fear)
two-factor theory
Schachter-Singer theory, experience arousal, label arousal, then experience emotion, (body plus thoughts/label) (emotions don’t exist until we add label to the sensation we are feeling) (arousal could be labeled as fear, excitement, etc depending on situation)
polygraph
machine to detect lies, measure responses with emotion
facial feedback effect
facial muscles trigger to corresponding emotion, facial position can alter how we feel (faking a relaxed smile face can make you feel better)
health psychology
psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
stress
perceive/respond to certain events we appraise as challenging
general adaption syndrome (GAS)
adaptive response to stress-alarm resistance, exhaustion (our stress response system defends, then fatigues)
tend-and-befriend response
under stress people support others, bond/seek support
psychophysiological illness
stress related physical illness (headache, hypertension, etc)
psychoneuroimmunology
study how psych, neuro, and endocrine effects immune system
lymphocytes
two types of white blood cells in immune system (B and T, fight infection, etc)
coronary heart disease
clogs vessels in heart, deadly
Type A
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive people (Friedman/Rosenman)
Type B
easygoing, relaxed people (Friedman/Rosenman)
Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs to explain human motivation
William Masters
theory of four-stage model of sexual response; sexual response cycle
Virginia Johnson
observed people engaging in sexual behavior; sexual response cycle
William James
theory of motivation, behavior driven by instinct
Stanley Schachter
two factor theory of emotion
Hans Selye
stress theory; overexposing body to stress causes shock/alarm/exhaustion
Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus
body/brain without conscious thoughts emotion theory (we automatically react to a sound in the forest before appraising it)
sympathetic nervous system
triggers activity and changes in various organs, orchestrates physiological arousal felt during emotions
positive emotions
“approach” emotions (joy, love, goal-seeking) correlate with left frontal lobe activity
negative emotions
“withdrawal” emotions (disgust, fear, anger, depression) correlate with right hemisphere activity
two dimensions of emotion
James Russell sees our emotional experience in two dimensions:
1. from pleasant to unpleasant
2. from low to high arousal
catharsis myth
idea that we can reduce anger by “releasing” it (most cases it worsens it though)
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
when in a good mood, we do more for others; doing good feels good
adaption-level phenomenon
when our wealth or other life conditions improve, we are happier compared to our past condition
relative deprevation
feeling worse off comparing yourself to people who are doing better
pessimism
the assumption that negative outcomes will happen, lack of hope for future
cortisol
stress hormone, helps body respond to brief stress
