Unit 6- Learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

acquiring new info/behaviors

Question 2

habituation

Answer 2

decrease response to stimulus with repeated exposure

Question 3

associative learning

Answer 3

learning certain events occur together

Question 4

stimulus

Answer 4

event/situation that evokes response

Question 5

cognitive learning

Answer 5

acquisition of mental information through observation and information, rather than by direct experience

Question 6

classical conditioning

Answer 6

learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 7

behaviorism

Answer 7

studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Question 8

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 8

elicits no response before conditioning

Question 9

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 9

naturally occurring response to US

Question 10

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 10

naturally triggers a response (UR)

Question 11

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 11

learned response to previously neutral stimulus

Question 12

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 12

originally irrelevant stimulus, but after association with US, triggers CR

Question 13

acquisition

Answer 13

one links NS and US, NS then triggers CR

Question 14

higher-order conditioning

Answer 14

a new NS can become new CS, second conditioned stimulus, turning a
NS into a CS by associating it with another
CS

Question 15

extinction

Answer 15

diminishing of conditioned response

Question 16

spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

reappearance, after pause, of conditioned response

Question 17

generalization

Answer 17

similar stimuli elicit similar responses

Question 18

discrimination

Answer 18

learned ability to distinguish between CS and irrelevant stimuli, ability to only
respond to a specific stimuli,
preventing generalization.

Question 19

operant conditioning

Answer 19

behavior strengthened/diminished with reinforcements or punishments

Question 20

law of effect

Answer 20

behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely, vice versa

Question 21

operant chamber

Answer 21

contains key/bar that animal manipulates for food/water reinforcer, skinner box

Question 22

reinforcement

Answer 22

event that strengthens behavior

Question 23

shaping

Answer 23

guide behavior toward desired behavior

Question 24

discriminative stimulus

Answer 24

elicits response after association with reinforcement, For example, dogs, rats, and even spiders can be trained to search for very specific smells, from drugs to explosives

Question 25

positive reinforcement

Answer 25

increase behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

Question 26

negative reinforcement

Answer 26

increase behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stimulus

Question 27

primary reinforcer

Answer 27

innately reinforcing stimulus, satisfies biological need (food or drink)

Question 28

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 28

gains reinforcing power through learned association with primary reinforcer

Question 29

reinforcement schedule

Answer 29

pattern defines how often desired response is reinforced

Question 30

continuous reinforcement

Answer 30

reinforcing desire response every time it occurs

Question 31

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 31

reinforcing response only part of the time

Question 32

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 32

reinforces response only after a specified number of responses

Question 33

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 33

reinforces response after unpredictable number of responses

Question 34

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 34

reinforces response after specific time has elapsed

Question 35

variable-interval schedule

Answer 35

reinforces response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 36

punishment

Answer 36

event that tends to decrease behavior

Question 37

biofeedback

Answer 37

system for electronically recording/amplifying/feeding back information

Question 38

respondent behavior

Answer 38

occurs as automatic response to some stimulus

Question 39

operant behavior

Answer 39

behavior operates on environment, producing consequences, learning process where behaviors are modified through the association of stimuli with reinforcement or punishment.

Question 40

cognitive map

Answer 40

mental representation of layout of one's environment

Question 41

latent learning

Answer 41

learning occurs but not apparent until incentive

Question 42

insight

Answer 42

sudden realization of problem's solution

Question 43

intrinsic motivation

Answer 43

desire to perform behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 44

extrinsic motivation

Answer 44

desire to perform behavior to receive rewards or avoid punishment

Question 45

coping

Answer 45

alleviating stress using emotional/cognitive/behavioral methods

Question 46

problem-focused coping

Answer 46

alleviate stress directly, changing stressor or interaction with

Question 47

emotion-focused coping

Answer 47

alleviate stress by avoiding stressor, attending to emotional needs

Question 48

learned helplessness

Answer 48

unable to avoid repeated events resulting in hopelessness/passive resignation

Question 49

external locus of control

Answer 49

chance/outside forces determine fate

Question 50

internal locus of control

Answer 50

you control your own fate

Question 51

self-control

Answer 51

ability to control impulses for long-term rewards

Question 52

observational learning

Answer 52

learning by observing others

Question 53

modeling

Answer 53

observing/imitating specific behavior

Question 54

mirror neurons

Answer 54

fire when performing certain actions/observing them

Question 55

prosocial behavior

Answer 55

positive/constructive/helpful behavior

Question 56

John B. Watson

Answer 56

Little Albert, classical conditioning, study how organisms respond to env. stimuli

Question 57

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 57

classical conditioning

Question 58

BF Skinner

Answer 58

behaviorism, operant conditioning, pigeon missile experiment, operant chamber

Question 59

Edward Thorndike

Answer 59

law of effect

Question 60

John Garcia

Answer 60

conditioning/learning, taste aversions

Question 61

Robert Rescorla

Answer 61

reinforcement value diminishes as strength b/w stimuli increase, behaviorist, animals learn the predictability of a stimulus, meaning they learn expectancy or awareness of a stimulus

Question 62

Edward Tolman

Answer 62

people/animals are active info processors, not passive learners, rat maze experiment

Question 63

Albert Bandura

Answer 63

learning by observing others, bobo doll experiment

Question 64

positive punishment

Answer 64

add something unpleasant

Question 65

negative punishment

Answer 65

take away something pleasant