Unit 6- Learning Flashcards
learning
acquiring new info/behaviors
habituation
decrease response to stimulus with repeated exposure
associative learning
learning certain events occur together
stimulus
event/situation that evokes response
cognitive learning
acquisition of mental information through observation and information, rather than by direct experience
classical conditioning
learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events
behaviorism
studies behavior without reference to mental processes
neutral stimulus (NS)
elicits no response before conditioning
unconditioned response (UR)
naturally occurring response to US
unconditioned stimulus (US)
naturally triggers a response (UR)
conditioned response (CR)
learned response to previously neutral stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS)
originally irrelevant stimulus, but after association with US, triggers CR
acquisition
one links NS and US, NS then triggers CR
higher-order conditioning
a new NS can become new CS, second conditioned stimulus, turning a
NS into a CS by associating it with another
CS
extinction
diminishing of conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
reappearance, after pause, of conditioned response
generalization
similar stimuli elicit similar responses
discrimination
learned ability to distinguish between CS and irrelevant stimuli, ability to only
respond to a specific stimuli,
preventing generalization.
operant conditioning
behavior strengthened/diminished with reinforcements or punishments
law of effect
behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely, vice versa
operant chamber
contains key/bar that animal manipulates for food/water reinforcer, skinner box
reinforcement
event that strengthens behavior
shaping
guide behavior toward desired behavior
discriminative stimulus
elicits response after association with reinforcement, For example, dogs, rats, and even spiders can be trained to search for very specific smells, from drugs to explosives
positive reinforcement
increase behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers
negative reinforcement
increase behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stimulus
primary reinforcer
innately reinforcing stimulus, satisfies biological need (food or drink)
conditioned reinforcer
gains reinforcing power through learned association with primary reinforcer
reinforcement schedule
pattern defines how often desired response is reinforced
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing desire response every time it occurs
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing response only part of the time
fixed-ratio schedule
reinforces response only after a specified number of responses
variable-ratio schedule
reinforces response after unpredictable number of responses
fixed-interval schedule
reinforces response after specific time has elapsed
variable-interval schedule
reinforces response at unpredictable time intervals
punishment
event that tends to decrease behavior
biofeedback
system for electronically recording/amplifying/feeding back information
respondent behavior
occurs as automatic response to some stimulus
operant behavior
behavior operates on environment, producing consequences, learning process where behaviors are modified through the association of stimuli with reinforcement or punishment.
cognitive map
mental representation of layout of one’s environment
latent learning
learning occurs but not apparent until incentive
insight
sudden realization of problem’s solution
intrinsic motivation
desire to perform behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
desire to perform behavior to receive rewards or avoid punishment
coping
alleviating stress using emotional/cognitive/behavioral methods
problem-focused coping
alleviate stress directly, changing stressor or interaction with
emotion-focused coping
alleviate stress by avoiding stressor, attending to emotional needs
learned helplessness
unable to avoid repeated events resulting in hopelessness/passive resignation
external locus of control
chance/outside forces determine fate
internal locus of control
you control your own fate
self-control
ability to control impulses for long-term rewards
observational learning
learning by observing others
modeling
observing/imitating specific behavior
mirror neurons
fire when performing certain actions/observing them
prosocial behavior
positive/constructive/helpful behavior
John B. Watson
Little Albert, classical conditioning, study how organisms respond to env. stimuli
Ivan Pavlov
classical conditioning
BF Skinner
behaviorism, operant conditioning, pigeon missile experiment, operant chamber
Edward Thorndike
law of effect
John Garcia
conditioning/learning, taste aversions
Robert Rescorla
reinforcement value diminishes as strength b/w stimuli increase, behaviorist, animals learn the predictability of a stimulus,
meaning they learn expectancy or awareness of a
stimulus
Edward Tolman
people/animals are active info processors, not passive learners, rat maze experiment
Albert Bandura
learning by observing others, bobo doll experiment
positive punishment
add something unpleasant
negative punishment
take away something pleasant