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Ap Psych Vocab > Unit 6- Learning > Flashcards

Unit 6- Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

acquiring new info/behaviors

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2
Q

habituation

A

decrease response to stimulus with repeated exposure

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3
Q

associative learning

A

learning certain events occur together

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4
Q

stimulus

A

event/situation that evokes response

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5
Q

cognitive learning

A

acquisition of mental information through observation and information, rather than by direct experience

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6
Q

classical conditioning

A

learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events

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7
Q

behaviorism

A

studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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8
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

elicits no response before conditioning

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9
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

naturally occurring response to US

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10
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

naturally triggers a response (UR)

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11
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

learned response to previously neutral stimulus

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12
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

originally irrelevant stimulus, but after association with US, triggers CR

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13
Q

acquisition

A

one links NS and US, NS then triggers CR

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14
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

a new NS can become new CS, second conditioned stimulus, turning a
NS into a CS by associating it with another
CS

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15
Q

extinction

A

diminishing of conditioned response

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16
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance, after pause, of conditioned response

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17
Q

generalization

A

similar stimuli elicit similar responses

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18
Q

discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between CS and irrelevant stimuli, ability to only
respond to a specific stimuli,
preventing generalization.

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19
Q

operant conditioning

A

behavior strengthened/diminished with reinforcements or punishments

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20
Q

law of effect

A

behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely, vice versa

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21
Q

operant chamber

A

contains key/bar that animal manipulates for food/water reinforcer, skinner box

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22
Q

reinforcement

A

event that strengthens behavior

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23
Q

shaping

A

guide behavior toward desired behavior

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24
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

elicits response after association with reinforcement, For example, dogs, rats, and even spiders can be trained to search for very specific smells, from drugs to explosives

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25
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increase behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

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26
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increase behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stimulus

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27
Q

primary reinforcer

A

innately reinforcing stimulus, satisfies biological need (food or drink)

28
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

gains reinforcing power through learned association with primary reinforcer

29
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

pattern defines how often desired response is reinforced

30
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing desire response every time it occurs

31
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

reinforcing response only part of the time

32
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

reinforces response only after a specified number of responses

33
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

reinforces response after unpredictable number of responses

34
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

reinforces response after specific time has elapsed

35
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

reinforces response at unpredictable time intervals

36
Q

punishment

A

event that tends to decrease behavior

37
Q

biofeedback

A

system for electronically recording/amplifying/feeding back information

38
Q

respondent behavior

A

occurs as automatic response to some stimulus

39
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior operates on environment, producing consequences, learning process where behaviors are modified through the association of stimuli with reinforcement or punishment.

40
Q

cognitive map

A

mental representation of layout of one’s environment

41
Q

latent learning

A

learning occurs but not apparent until incentive

42
Q

insight

A

sudden realization of problem’s solution

43
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

desire to perform behavior effectively for its own sake

44
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

desire to perform behavior to receive rewards or avoid punishment

45
Q

coping

A

alleviating stress using emotional/cognitive/behavioral methods

46
Q

problem-focused coping

A

alleviate stress directly, changing stressor or interaction with

47
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

alleviate stress by avoiding stressor, attending to emotional needs

48
Q

learned helplessness

A

unable to avoid repeated events resulting in hopelessness/passive resignation

49
Q

external locus of control

A

chance/outside forces determine fate

50
Q

internal locus of control

A

you control your own fate

51
Q

self-control

A

ability to control impulses for long-term rewards

52
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

53
Q

modeling

A

observing/imitating specific behavior

54
Q

mirror neurons

A

fire when performing certain actions/observing them

55
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive/constructive/helpful behavior

56
Q

John B. Watson

A

Little Albert, classical conditioning, study how organisms respond to env. stimuli

57
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

classical conditioning

58
Q

BF Skinner

A

behaviorism, operant conditioning, pigeon missile experiment, operant chamber

59
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

law of effect

60
Q

John Garcia

A

conditioning/learning, taste aversions

61
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

reinforcement value diminishes as strength b/w stimuli increase, behaviorist, animals learn the predictability of a stimulus,
meaning they learn expectancy or awareness of a
stimulus

62
Q

Edward Tolman

A

people/animals are active info processors, not passive learners, rat maze experiment

63
Q

Albert Bandura

A

learning by observing others, bobo doll experiment

64
Q

positive punishment

A

add something unpleasant

65
Q

negative punishment

A

take away something pleasant

Ap Psych Vocab (14 decks)

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