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Ap Psych Vocab > Unit 3- Biology of Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 3- Biology of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

biological psychology

A

study of links between bio +psych processes

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2
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell, basic building block of nervous system

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3
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages and conduct impulses toward cell body

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4
Q

axon

A

passes messages through branches to neurons/muscles/glands

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5
Q

myelin sheath

A

speeds up neural impulses, covers axon

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6
Q

action potential

A

electric charge, travels down axon (neural impulse)

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7
Q

refractory period

A

period of inactivity after a neuron fired

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8
Q

threshold

A

level of stimulation required to trigger neural impulse

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9
Q

all-or-none response

A

neuron reaction of firing/not-firing

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10
Q

synapse

A

junction between axon tip (sending neuron) and dendrite of receiving neuron

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11
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross synaptic gap between neurons

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12
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by sending neuron

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13
Q

endorphins

A

neurotransmitter linked to pain, control, and pleasure

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14
Q

agonist

A

molecule, binds to receptor site, stimulates response

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15
Q

antagonist

A

bind to receptor site, inhibits/blocks response

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16
Q

nervous system

A

electrochemical communication network, all nerve cells

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17
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

sensory/motor neurons that connect CNS to rest of body

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19
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons, connect CNS with muscles/glands/sense organs

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20
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

carry incoming info from sensory receptors to brain/spinal cord

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21
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

carry outgoing info from brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands

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22
Q

interneurons

A

within brain/spinal cord , communicate internally, intervene between sensory inputs/motor outputs

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23
Q

somatic nervous system

A

division of PNS that controls body’s skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system)

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24
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

part of PNS that controls glands/muscles of internal organs

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25
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

division of ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing energy during stress

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26
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

division of ANS that calms body, conserving energy

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27
Q

reflex

A

automatic response to sensory stimulus

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28
Q

endocrine system

A

set of glands that secrete hormones to blood

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29
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers manufactured by endocrine glands

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30
Q

adrenal glands

A

part of endocrine glands, secrete hormones (epinephrine/norepinephrine) that help arouse body in stress

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31
Q

pituitary gland

A

regulates growth, controls other endocrine glands

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32
Q

lesion

A

tissue destruction

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33
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

amplified readout of waves of electrical activity in brain

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34
Q

CT (computed tomography) scan

A

series of x-ray scans that represent brain structure

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35
Q

PET (position emission tomography) scan

A

detects radioactive glucose while brain performs task

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36
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

magnetic fields/radio waves show brain anatomy

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37
Q

fMRI

A

reveals blood flow, show brain function/structure

38
Q

brainstem

A

core of brain, automatic survival functions

39
Q

medulla

A

controls heartbeat and breathing, in brainstem

40
Q

thalamus

A

sensory control center, top of brainstem, directs messages and transmits replies to cerebellum/medulla

41
Q

reticular formation

A

nerve network in brainstem, controls arousal

42
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brain” at brainstem, nonverbal learning, memory, movement output/balance, process sensory input

43
Q

limbic system

A

associated with emotions/drives

44
Q

hippocampus

A

in limbic system, processes conscious memories

45
Q

amygdala

A

in limbic system, linked to emotion

46
Q

hypothalamus

A

in limbic system, directs several maintenance activities, linked to emotion/reward, helps govern endocrine system via pituitary gland

47
Q

cerebral cortex

A

ultimate control + information-processing center

48
Q

glial cells (glia)

A

cells in nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, play a role in learning/thinking

49
Q

frontal lobes

A

speaking, muscle movements, making plans/judgements

50
Q

parietal lobes

A

receives sensory input for touch/body position, top of rear head

51
Q

occipital lobes

A

receive info from visual fields, back of head

52
Q

temporal lobes

A

above ears, receive info primarily from opposite ear

53
Q

motor cortex

A

area at rear frontal love, controls voluntary movements

54
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

front of parietal lobes, registers/processes body touch/movement sensations

55
Q

association areas

A

involved in higher functions in cerebral cortex, learning/remembering/thinking/speaking

56
Q

plasticity

A

brain’s ability to change by reorganizing after damage/building new pathways based on experience

57
Q

neurogenesis

A

formation of new neurons

58
Q

corpus callosum

A

connecting brain hemispheres, carrying messages between them

59
Q

split brain

A

isolation of hemispheres by cutting connecting fibers

60
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

61
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

study of brain activity linked with cognition

62
Q

dual processing

A

info simultaneously processed, conscious + unconscious tracks

63
Q

behavior genetics

A

study of relative power/limits of genetic environmental influences on behavior

64
Q

environment

A

every external influence

65
Q

chromosomes

A

made of DNA, contain genes

66
Q

DNA

A

contain genetic info, make up chromosomes

67
Q

genes

A

make up chromosomes, segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

68
Q

genome

A

complete instructions for making organism, consist all generic material in organism’s chromosomes

69
Q

identical twins

A

develop from single fertilized egg that splits in 2

70
Q

fraternal twins

A

develop from separate fertilized eggs

71
Q

molecular genetics

A

studies molecular structure/function of genes

72
Q

heritability

A

proportion of variation among individuals that attribute to genes

73
Q

interaction

A

effect of one factor depends on another

74
Q

epigenetics

A

study of environmental influences on gene expression, without DNA change

75
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

study of evolution of behavior and mind, using natural selection principles

76
Q

natural selection

A

key traits passed on to generations

77
Q

mutation

A

random error in gene replication, leads to change

78
Q

Paul Broca

A

research on Broca’s brain area, responsible for speech production

79
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

research on Wernicke’s brain area, responsible for understanding

80
Q

Roger Sperry

A

split brain research, left-language comprehension, right-articulation

81
Q

Michael Gazzaniga

A

discovered hemispheres experience world differently and communication between hemispheres

82
Q

Charles Darwin

A

natural selection founder

83
Q

Polarization

A

when the inside of the neuron is negatively charged relative to outside (resting potential)

84
Q

Depolarization

A

when the electrical charge of a cell moves to zero

85
Q

Serotonin

A

affects mood, hunger, arousal, and sleep, undersupply linked to depression (happiness)

86
Q

Dopamine

A

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion (rewards and motivation), oversupply linked to schizophrenia, undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease and ADHD

87
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

enables muscle action, learning, and memory, ACh-producing neurons deteriorate as Alzheimer’s disease progresses

88
Q

GABA

A

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter, undersupply links to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

89
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

thoughts and logic, language: words and definitions, pieces and details

90
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

feelings and intuition, language: tone, inflection, context, wholes including the self

Ap Psych Vocab (14 decks)

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