Unit 2- Research

Question 1

Hindsight Bias

Answer 1

tendency to believe, after outcome, would’ve forseen

Question 2

critical thinking

Answer 2

doesn’t blindly accept arguments and conclusions

Question 3

thoery

Answer 3

explanation using observations and predictions

Question 4

hypothesis

Answer 4

a testable prediction

Question 5

operational defintion

Answer 5

statement of exact procedures used

Question 6

replication

Answer 6

repeating study, different participants and situations, find extent

Question 7

case studt

Answer 7

individual/group studied in depth, hope to reveal universal principles

Question 8

naturalistic observation

Answer 8

recording behavior in natural situations, no manipulation

Question 9

survey

Answer 9

self-reported behaviors and attitudes of random group

Question 10

sampling bias

Answer 10

produces and unrepresentative sample

Question 11

population

Answer 11

all those in a group being studied

Question 12

random sample

Answer 12

each member has equal chance of inclusion

Question 13

correlation

Answer 13

measure of extent to which 2 variable change together

Question 14

correlation coefficient

Answer 14

statistical index of relationship between 2 variables (-1.0 to 1.0)

Question 15

scatterplot

Answer 15

dots cluster, represents values of 2 variables

Question 16

illusory correlation

Answer 16

perceived but nonexistent correlation

Question 17

experiment

Answer 17

research method manipulates factors and observes effects

Question 18

experimental group

Answer 18

group exposed to treatment

Question 19

control group

Answer 19

group not exposed to treatment

Question 20

random assignment

Answer 20

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance

Question 21

double blind procedure

Answer 21

participants and staff are blind about which participants received treatment

Question 22

placebo effect

Answer 22

has no actual effect, but makes patients believe it does, leads to effects

Question 23

independent variable

Answer 23

factor manipulated, variable being studied

Question 24

confounding variable

Answer 24

non-independent variable that might have effect on experiment

Question 25

dependent variable

Answer 25

outcome factor

Question 26

validity

Answer 26

extent experiment predicts what it’s supposed to

Question 27

descriptive statistcics

Answer 27

numerical data used to measure and describe groups

Question 28

histogram

Answer 28

bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

Question 29

mode

Answer 29

most frequently occurring score

Question 30

mean

Answer 30

average scores

Question 31

median

Answer 31

middle score

Question 32

skewed distribution

Answer 32

scores that lack symmetry around mean (if many on a test fail and a few get high scores, distribution is positively skewed)

Question 33

range

Answer 33

difference between highest and lowest scores

Question 34

standard deviation

Answer 34

how much scores vary around mean

Question 35

normal curve

Answer 35

bell shaped curve, symmetrical, most scores near mean

Question 36

inferential statistics

Answer 36

numerical data that allows one to generalize

Question 37

statistical significance

Answer 37

likeliness a result occurred by chance (statistical statement) (less that 5% is significant difference)

Question 38

culture

Answer 38

behaviors, ideas, and attitudes shared by group are passed down generations

Question 39

informed consent

Answer 39

ethical principle where participants are aware of study and choose to participate

Question 40

debriefing

Answer 40

post-experiment explanation of study to participants