Unit 14- Social Psych Flashcards
social psychology
study of how we think about/influence/relate to one another
attribution theory
explain behavior by crediting situation or person’s disposition
fundamental attribution error
underestimate impact of situation, overestimate impact of personal disposition
attitude
feelings that predispose us to respond in a particular way
peripheral route persuasion
people influenced by incidental cues (speaker’s attractiveness, fame, beauty, positive emotions) Changing attitudes by going around the rational mind and appealing to fears, desires,
associations
central route persuasion
interested people focus on arguments, respond with favorable thoughts (uses facts and information), Going directly through the rational mind,
influencing attitudes with evidence and logic
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
people who first agree to a small request, later comply with a larger request
role
norms about social position
cognitive dissonance theory
act to reduce discomfort when two of our thoughts are inconsistent; when two beliefs are inconsistent, individuals experience negatively arousing cognitive conflict (called dissonance); the observation that we tend to resolve this dissonance by changing our attitudes to fit our actions
conformity
adjusting behavior/thoughts to coincide with group
normative social influence
influence from person’s desire to gain approval and avoid disapproval (peer pressure, etc to fit in)
informational social influence
influence from willingness to accept others opinions about reality (looking to others to fit in)
social facilitation
strengthened performance in others presence
social loafing
individuals exert less effort in group rather than individual
deindividuation
loss of self awareness/self-restraint when group situation is aroused and anonymous
group polarization
groups adopt more extreme attitudes compared to initial attitude
groupthink
desire for harmony in decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
culture
behaviors/ideas/attitudes/traditions shared by group, passed on generations
norm
understood rule for accepted/expected behavior
prejudice
unjustifiable/negative attitude toward group
stereotype
generalized belief about a group
discrimination
unjustifiable, negative behavior toward group
just-world phenomemon
world is just, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
ingroup
“us”, people whom we share common identity with
outgroup
“them”, those perceived as different from ingroup
ingroup bias
tendency to favor our own group
scapegoat theory
when things go wrong, blaming someone can be a target for anger
other-race effect
tendency to recall faces of own’s race more accurately than faces of other races
aggression
physical and verbal behavior intended to hurt and destroy
frustration-aggression principle
frustration creates anger, can generate aggression
social script
culturally modeled guide for how to act in situations
mere exposure effect
repeated exposure increases liking
passionate love
aroused state, intense positive absorption in another
companionate love
deep affectionate attachment, lives intertwined
equity
receive what you give in a relationship
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
altruism
unselfish regard for welfare of others
bystander effect
tendency for bystander to less likely help with other bystanders present
social exchange theory
social behavior is an exchange process, maximize benefits and minimize costs
reciprocity norm
expectation that people will help those who have helped them
social-responsibility norm
people will help those needing their help
conflict
perceived incompatibility of actions/goals/ideas
social trap
conflicting parties caught in mutually destructive behavior
mirror-image perceptions
each side sees itself as ethical, other side is evil
superordinate goals
shared goals, override differences among people, require cooperation
GRIT
strategy designed to decrease international tensions
Philip Zimbardo
Stanford prison experiment
Leon Festinger
cognitive dissonance/social comparison theory
Solomon Asch
individuals form impressions of one another
Stanley Milgram
milgram experiment (electric shocks)
attribution
a conclusion about the cause of an observed behavior/event
situational attribution
factors outside the person doing the action, such as peer pressure
dispositional attribution
the person’s stable, enduring traits, personality, ability, emotions
cognitive dissonance
actions not in harmony with our attitudes
