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Ap Psych Vocab > Unit 4- Senses and Perception > Flashcards

Unit 4- Senses and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

sensory receptors receive/represent stimulus energies from env.

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2
Q

perception

A

organizing/interpreting sensory info, recognize meaningful objects/events

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3
Q

bottom-up processing

A

sensory receptors -> higher level processing (assembling and integrating information) (What am I seeing?)

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4
Q

top-down processing

A

construct perceptions from experience and expectations (Is that something I’ve seen before?) (Brain can start to see things when given hints at what they are looking at)

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5
Q

selective attention

A

focusing conscious on particular stimulus

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6
Q

inattentional blindness

A

cant see visible objects when attention directed elsewhere

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7
Q

change blindeness

A

fail to notice changes in environment

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8
Q

transduction

A

converting one form of energy into another

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9
Q

psychophysics

A

study of relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli vs psychological experience on them

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10
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulation needed to detect stimulus 50% of the time (candle viewed from 30 miles away on clear night, 1 tsp of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water)

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11
Q

signal detection theory

A

predicting how/when we detect presence of faint stimulus and background stimulation

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12
Q

sublimal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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13
Q

priming

A

activation of certain associations, often unconscious

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14
Q

difference threshold

A

minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (The smallest amount by which two stimuli can differ in order for an individual to perceive them as different.)

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15
Q

Weber’s Law

A

to be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (not constant amount)

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16
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as consequence of constant stimulation

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17
Q

perceptual set

A

mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another, what we expect to see, which influences what we do see (old lady or young woman picture, bunny or duck picture) (top-down processing) (flying saucers or clouds?)

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18
Q

extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input (telepathy, psychics)

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19
Q

parapsychology

A

study of paranormal phenomena (ESP/telekinesis)

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20
Q

wavelength

A

distance from peak of one light/sound wave to peak of next (short wavelength=high frequency, determines color/hue of waves)

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21
Q

hue

A

color determined by wavelength of light

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22
Q

intensity

A

amount of energy in light/sound wave, perceive as brightness/loudness, determined by wave’s amplitude (height), bright or dull colors

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23
Q

pupil

A

center of eye, light enters

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24
Q

iris

A

colored portion “ring” of eye, controls size of pupil opening

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25
Q

lens

A

transparent, behind pupil, changes shape to help focus images on retina

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26
Q

retina

A

light-sensitive inner surface of eye, receptor rods/cones, neurons processing visual info

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27
Q

accomodation

A

eye’s lens change shape to focus near or far objects on retina

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28
Q

rods

A

retinal receptors, detect black/white/grey, necessary for peripheral/night vision when cones don’t respond

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29
Q

cones

A

retinal receptor cells, center of retina, function in well-lit conditions, detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

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30
Q

optic nerve

A

carries neural impulses from eye to brain

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31
Q

blind spot

A

point where optic nerve leaves eye, creating blind spot because no receptor cells there

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32
Q

fovea

A

central focal point in retina, eye’s cones cluster

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33
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in brain that respond to specific features of stimulus (shape/angle/movement)

34
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

35
Q

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

A

theory that retina contains 3 different color receptors (sensitive to red, blue, and green), when stimulated in combination, can produce perception of any color

36
Q

opponent-process theory

A

opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision

37
Q

gestalt

A

organized whole (integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes)

38
Q

figure-ground

A

organization of visual field into objects that stand out from surroundings (some artists give us two equal choices about what is figure ground using negative and non-negative space, goblet or two faces)

39
Q

grouping

A

perceptual tendency, organize stimuli into groups

40
Q

depth perception

A

ability to see 3D objects although images that strike retina are 2D, judge distance

41
Q

visual cliff

A

lab device for testing depth perception in infants/young animals

42
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues that depend on use of 2 eyes

43
Q

retinal disparity

A

difference between 2 images, retinas receive slightly different images, greater distance, closer object

44
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues, available to either eye alone

45
Q

phi phenomenon

A

illusion movement, lights blink on and off in quick succession

46
Q

perceptual constancy

A

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination/retinal images change

47
Q

color constancy

A

perceiving familiar objects as having constant color, even if changing illumination alters wavelengths reflected by the object

48
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

ability to adjust an artificially displaced/inverted visual field, in vision

49
Q

audition

A

sense/act of hearing

50
Q

frequency

A

number of wavelengths that pass point in given time

51
Q

pitch

A

tone’s highness/lowness

52
Q

middle ear

A

3 tiny bones, between eardum and cochlea (hammer, stirrup, anvil), concentrate vibrations of eardrum on cochlea’s oval window

53
Q

cochlea

A

coiled/bony/fluid-filled tube in inner ear, sound waves traveling through cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

54
Q

inner ear

A

innermost part of ear, waves of fluid move from oval window to cochlea’s “hair” receptor cells. These cells send signals through auditory nerves to temporal lobes.

55
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage to cochlea’s receptor cells or to auditory nerves (nerve deafness)

56
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

damage to mech. system that conducts sound waves to cochlea

57
Q

cochlear implant

A

device, convert sounds to electrical signals/stimulating auditory nerve

58
Q

place theory

A

theory, links pitch we hear with place where cochlea membrane stimulated

59
Q

frequency theory

A

theory, rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve matches frequency of tone, enabling us to sense pitch, at low sound frequencies, hair
cells send signals at whatever
rate the sound is received

60
Q

gate-control theory

A

theory, spinal cord contains neurological gate that blocks pain signals/allows them to pass on to brain, opened by activity of pain signals

61
Q

kinesthesia

A

system for sensing position/movement of individual body parts

62
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of body movement/position, including sense of balance

63
Q

sensory interaction

A

one sense influences another

64
Q

embodied cognition

A

influence of bodily sensations/gestures/cognitive preferences and judgements (if you feel socially excluded, you will feel colder) (if someone uses left hand on mouse, more likely to lean left)

65
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

absolute thresholds/studied awareness of faint stimuli, psychophysics founder

66
Q

Ernst Weber

A

Weber’s Law

67
Q

David Hubel

A

feature detectors, brain cells convey info to enable us to see world

68
Q

Torsten Wiesal

A

feature detectors, visual development, visual processing by cerebral cortex

69
Q

How light from candle passes through eye

A

Goes through cornea and pupil, then gets focused on lens and inverted by lens. Light lands on retina, where it does transduction into neural impulses to be sent out through optic nerves

70
Q

Additive color mixing

A

Add all light wave colors together, get white

71
Q

Subtractive color mixing

A

Mix all paint colors together, get black

72
Q

3 ways of grouping: how we make gestalts

A

proximity, continuity, and closure

73
Q

interposition

A

monocular cue, a visual signal that an object is closer than the ones behind it because the closer object covers part of the farther object.

74
Q

relative size

A

monocular cue, we intuitively know to interpret familiar objects (of known size) as farther away when they appear smaller

75
Q

linear perspective

A

a visual cue in which two parallel lines appear to meet together in the distance

76
Q

relative motion

A

monocular cue, when we are moving, we can tell which objects are farther away because it takes longer to pass them

77
Q

shading effects

A

monocular cue, helps our perception of depth (does the middle circle bulge out or in?)

78
Q

outer ear

A

collects sound and funnels it to eardrum

79
Q

hearing loss

A

damaged hair cells in ears and damaged inner ears, limit sounds over 85 decibels and treat ear infections to prevent hearing loss

80
Q

volley principle

A

at ultra high frequencies, receptor cells fire in succession, combing signals to reach higher firing rates

81
Q

synesthesia

A

condition when perception in one sense is triggered by a sensation in a different sense (rock music seems purple, the number 7 gives me a salty taste)

Ap Psych Vocab (14 decks)

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