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Ap Psych Vocab > Unit 7- Cognition/Memory > Flashcards

Unit 7- Cognition/Memory Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

persistence learning over time

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2
Q

encoding

A

processing of info into memory system

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3
Q

storage

A

process of retaining encoded info

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4
Q

retrieval

A

getting info out of memory storage

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5
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

immediate recording of sensory info

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7
Q

short-term memory

A

briefly activated memory before info is forgotten

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8
Q

long-term memory

A

permanent storehouse of memory stystem

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9
Q

working memory

A

using short-term memory, cognitive tasks

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10
Q

explicit memory

A

memory of facts/experiences one can declare; formed through studying, rehearsing, thinking,
processing, and then storing
information in long-term
memory.

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11
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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12
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental info

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13
Q

implicit memory

A

produced by automatic processing, without our awareness

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14
Q

iconic memory

A

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

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15
Q

echoic memory

A

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

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16
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar/manageable units

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17
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially techniques that us vivid imagery/organizational devices

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18
Q

spacing effect

A

distributed study yield better long-term retention

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19
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving rather than re-reading

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20
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on basic level based on structure of words

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21
Q

deep processing

A

encoding based on meaning of words

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22
Q

hippocampus

A

helps process explicit memories for storage

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23
Q

flashbulb memory

A

clear memory of emotionally significant event

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24
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

increase in cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

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25
recall
retrieve info learned earlier but not currently in conscious awareness
26
recognition
identifying items previously learned (MC-Test)
27
relearning
learning something more quick when you learn the 2nd time
28
priming
activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
29
mood-congruent memory
recall experiences that match one's mood
30
serial position effect
recall first/last items in list
31
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
32
retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve past info
33
proactive interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new info (Facebook passcode interferes with newly learned phone passcode)
34
retroactive interference
disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old info (someone sings new lyrics to tune of old song, trouble remembering the original words)
35
repression
banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts/feelings/memories
36
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading into one's memory of an event
37
source amnesia
attributing to wrong source (false memories)
38
deja vu
current situation unconsciously triggers retrieval of earlier experience
39
cognition
mental activities associated with thinking/remembering/etc
40
concept
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
41
prototype
mental image of category
42
creativity
ability to produce novel/valuable ideas
43
convergent thinking
narrows problem's solution to single best solution
44
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solution
45
algorithm
methodical/logical procedure that guarantees solving problem
46
heuristic
thinking strategy, make judgments/solve problems efficiently, speedier but more error-prone than other algorithms; A heuristic is a short-cut, step-saving thinking strategy or principle that generates a solution quickly, type of problem solving
47
insight
sudden realization of problem's solution, a leap forward in thinking that leads to problem's solution
48
confirmation bias
tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions, disregarding contradictory evidence
49
mental set
tendency to approach a problem one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
50
intuition
effortless, automatic feeling or thought
51
representativeness heuristic
judge likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent prototypes
52
availability heuristic
estimate likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
53
overconfidence
tendency to be more confident than correct
54
belief perserverance
clinging to initial conceptions even if discredited
55
framing
the way an issue is posed
56
language
words combined to communicate
57
phoneme
smallest distinctive sound unit (B-A-T) (Ch-A-T)
58
morpheme
smallest unit that carries meaning (pre-view-s)
59
grammar
language rules to communicate and understand others
60
babbling stage
4 months; infants utter sounds at first unrelated to household language
61
one-word stage
age 1-2; child speaks single words
62
two-word stage
age 2; child speaks two-word sentences
63
telegraphic speech
child uses mostly nouns/verbs ("go car") like telegram
64
aphasia
impairment of language, damage to Broca/Wernicke
65
Broca's area
controls language expression/speech
66
Wernicke's area
controls language reception/comprehension
67
linguistic determinism
language determines the way we think
68
Richard Atkinson
mathematical modeling of memory/cognition
69
Richard Shiffin
model of memory, sensory register, short/long-term memory
70
George A Miller
cognitive neuroscience, developed wordnet
71
Hermann Ebbinghaus
study of memory, forgetting curve, learning curve, spacing effect
72
Eric Kandel
short/long term memory formed by different signals
73
Elizabeth Loftus
memories change by things we are told
74
Robert Sternberg
more to success than traditional intelligence (practical, analytical, creative)
75
Wolfgang Kohler
insight learning, learning occurs with insight into entire situation
76
Amos Tversky
limits of human rationality
77
Daniel Kahneman
increase understanding of economic decisions
78
Steven Pinker
focused on visual cognition, recognition, direct attention
79
Noam Chomsky
theory of universal grammar; language is natural
80
Paul Broca
research on Broca's area
81
Carl Wernicke
research on Wernicke's area
82
Benjamin Lee Whorf
language influences thought'; linguistic determinism
83
trial and error
involves trying various possible solutions, and if that fails, trying others, type of problem solving
84
fixation
The tendency to get stuck in one way of thinking; an inability to see a problem from a new perspective
85
motor cortex
word is pronounced
86
visual cortex
receives written words as visual stimulation
87
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
stimuli are recorded by our senses and held briefly in sensory memory, then short term memory, then long term
88
procedural memory
such as knowing how to ride a bike, and well-practiced knowledge such as word meanings
89

Ap Psych Vocab (14 decks)

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