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Ap Psych Vocab > Unit 7- Cognition/Memory > Flashcards

Unit 7- Cognition/Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

persistence learning over time

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2
Q

encoding

A

processing of info into memory system

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3
Q

storage

A

process of retaining encoded info

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4
Q

retrieval

A

getting info out of memory storage

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5
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

immediate recording of sensory info

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7
Q

short-term memory

A

briefly activated memory before info is forgotten

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8
Q

long-term memory

A

permanent storehouse of memory stystem

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9
Q

working memory

A

using short-term memory, cognitive tasks

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10
Q

explicit memory

A

memory of facts/experiences one can declare; formed through studying, rehearsing, thinking,
processing, and then storing
information in long-term
memory.

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11
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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12
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental info

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13
Q

implicit memory

A

produced by automatic processing, without our awareness

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14
Q

iconic memory

A

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

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15
Q

echoic memory

A

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

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16
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar/manageable units

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17
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially techniques that us vivid imagery/organizational devices

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18
Q

spacing effect

A

distributed study yield better long-term retention

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19
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving rather than re-reading

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20
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on basic level based on structure of words

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21
Q

deep processing

A

encoding based on meaning of words

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22
Q

hippocampus

A

helps process explicit memories for storage

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23
Q

flashbulb memory

A

clear memory of emotionally significant event

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24
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

increase in cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

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25
Q

recall

A

retrieve info learned earlier but not currently in conscious awareness

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26
Q

recognition

A

identifying items previously learned (MC-Test)

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27
Q

relearning

A

learning something more quick when you learn the 2nd time

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28
Q

priming

A

activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

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29
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

recall experiences that match one’s mood

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30
Q

serial position effect

A

recall first/last items in list

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31
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

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32
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to retrieve past info

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33
Q

proactive interference

A

disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new info (Facebook passcode interferes with newly learned phone passcode)

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34
Q

retroactive interference

A

disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old info (someone sings new lyrics to tune of old song, trouble remembering the original words)

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35
Q

repression

A

banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts/feelings/memories

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36
Q

misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading into one’s memory of an event

37
Q

source amnesia

A

attributing to wrong source (false memories)

38
Q

deja vu

A

current situation unconsciously triggers retrieval of earlier experience

39
Q

cognition

A

mental activities associated with thinking/remembering/etc

40
Q

concept

A

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

41
Q

prototype

A

mental image of category

42
Q

creativity

A

ability to produce novel/valuable ideas

43
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrows problem’s solution to single best solution

44
Q

divergent thinking

A

expands the number of possible problem solution

45
Q

algorithm

A

methodical/logical procedure that guarantees solving problem

46
Q

heuristic

A

thinking strategy, make judgments/solve problems efficiently, speedier but more error-prone than other algorithms; A heuristic is a short-cut, step-saving thinking strategy
or principle that generates a solution quickly, type of problem solving

47
Q

insight

A

sudden realization of problem’s solution, a leap forward in thinking that leads to problem’s solution

48
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions, disregarding
contradictory evidence

49
Q

mental set

A

tendency to approach a problem one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

50
Q

intuition

A

effortless, automatic feeling or thought

51
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judge likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent prototypes

52
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimate likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

53
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to be more confident than correct

54
Q

belief perserverance

A

clinging to initial conceptions even if discredited

55
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed

56
Q

language

A

words combined to communicate

57
Q

phoneme

A

smallest distinctive sound unit (B-A-T) (Ch-A-T)

58
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit that carries meaning (pre-view-s)

59
Q

grammar

A

language rules to communicate and understand others

60
Q

babbling stage

A

4 months; infants utter sounds at first unrelated to household language

61
Q

one-word stage

A

age 1-2; child speaks single words

62
Q

two-word stage

A

age 2; child speaks two-word sentences

63
Q

telegraphic speech

A

child uses mostly nouns/verbs (“go car”) like telegram

64
Q

aphasia

A

impairment of language, damage to Broca/Wernicke

65
Q

Broca’s area

A

controls language expression/speech

66
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

controls language reception/comprehension

67
Q

linguistic determinism

A

language determines the way we think

68
Q

Richard Atkinson

A

mathematical modeling of memory/cognition

69
Q

Richard Shiffin

A

model of memory, sensory register, short/long-term memory

70
Q

George A Miller

A

cognitive neuroscience, developed wordnet

71
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

study of memory, forgetting curve, learning curve, spacing effect

72
Q

Eric Kandel

A

short/long term memory formed by different signals

73
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

memories change by things we are told

74
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

more to success than traditional intelligence (practical, analytical, creative)

75
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

insight learning, learning occurs with insight into entire situation

76
Q

Amos Tversky

A

limits of human rationality

77
Q

Daniel Kahneman

A

increase understanding of economic decisions

78
Q

Steven Pinker

A

focused on visual cognition, recognition, direct attention

79
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

theory of universal grammar; language is natural

80
Q

Paul Broca

A

research on Broca’s area

81
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

research on Wernicke’s area

82
Q

Benjamin Lee Whorf

A

language influences thought’; linguistic determinism

83
Q

trial and error

A

involves trying various possible
solutions, and if that fails, trying others, type of problem solving

84
Q

fixation

A

The tendency to get
stuck in one way of
thinking; an inability
to see a problem from
a new perspective

85
Q

motor cortex

A

word is pronounced

86
Q

visual cortex

A

receives written words as visual stimulation

87
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A

stimuli are recorded by our senses and held briefly in sensory memory, then short term memory, then long term

88
Q

procedural memory

A

such as knowing how to ride a bike, and
well-practiced knowledge such as word meanings

89
Q
A

Ap Psych Vocab (14 decks)

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