unit 8

Question 1

concept

Answer 1

the mental representation of an obect/event/idea

Question 2

categories

Answer 2

clusters of interrelated concepts

Question 3

Classical categorization

Answer 3

view that objects/events are categorized according to rules

Question 4

Classican categorization can’t explain…

Answer 4

graded membership

Question 5

Prototypes

Answer 5

Mental representations of an average category member

Question 6

Semantic networks

Answer 6

interconnected set of concepts and the links that join them to form a category

Question 7

Category-specific visual agnosia (CSVA)

Answer 7

inability to identify certain categories

Question 8

Linguistic Relativity (Whordian hypothesis)

Answer 8

theory that the language we use influences how we understand the world

Question 9

Categorical perception

Answer 9

faster or more accurate discrimination of stimuli that straddle a category boundary

Question 10

Universalist view

Answer 10

Common repertoire of thought/perception that influences all languages

Question 11

Algorithms

Answer 11

problem solving strategies based on rules

Question 12

Heuristics

Answer 12

Problem solving strategies that stem from prior experience

Question 13

Mental set

Answer 13

cognitive obstacle when an individual attempts to apply routine solutions to a new problem

Question 14

Functional fixedness

Answer 14

when an individual identifies a potential operator, but can only think of the move obvious function

Question 15

Conjunction fallacy

Answer 15

mistaken belief that finding a member in two overlapping categories is more likely that finding the member in a larger general category

Question 16

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 16

making judgement of likelihood based on how well an example represents a category

Question 17

Availability heuristic

Answer 17

estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples come to mind

Question 18

Anchoring effect

Answer 18

tendency to heavily rely on the first piece of information offered when decision making

Question 19

framing effects

Answer 19

descision making influenced by how problem is framed

Question 20

Belief perseverance

Answer 20

believes he or she has the solution to the problem or the correct answer for a question, and accepts only evidence that will confirm those beliefs

Question 21

Confirmation bias

Answer 21

when an individual searches only for evidence that will confirm his or her beliefs

Question 22

Language

Answer 22

form of communication that involves spoken, written, or gestural symbols that are combined in a rule-based form

Question 23

Phonemes

Answer 23

the most basic unit of speech sounds

Question 24

Morphemes

Answer 24

smallest meaningful units of a language

Question 25

Semantics

Answer 25

study of how people come to understand the meaning from words

Question 26

Syntax

Answer 26

rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences

Question 27

Pragmatic

Answer 27

study of nonlinguistic elements of language use

Question 28

Aphasias

Answer 28

language disorders caused by damage to the brain structures

Question 29

Wernicke’s area

Answer 29

area of the brain most associated with finding the meaning of words

Question 30

Broca’s area

Answer 30

frontal lobe structure that controls our ability to articulate speech sounds that compose words

Question 31

Infants as young as 2 months show a preference for...

Answer 31

speech sounds over non-speech sounds

Question 32

Fast mapping

Answer 32

the ability to map words onto concepts after only a single exposure

Question 33

Naming explosion

Answer 33

rapid increase in vocabulary size that occurs around 20-24 months of age

Question 34

Sensitive Period

Answer 34

time during childhood during which children’s brains are primed to develop language

Question 35

Cons of bilingual brains

Answer 35

- Smaller vocabulary in children - Word access diminished in adulthood compares to unilingual adults - Trouble finding the right words

Question 36

Benefits of bilingual brains

Answer 36

- Executive functions improved - Potential health benefits - Lower rate of neurodegenerative diseases

Question 37

Theories of language

Answer 37

behaviourst, nativist, and interactionist

Question 38

Behaviourist Theory

Answer 38

children acquire sentence structure and syntax through learning and conditioning - skinner

Question 39

Nativist theory

Answer 39

assumes humans have a native (genetic) predisposition to develop language - chomsky

Question 40

Interactionist theory

Answer 40

language development involves both biology and experience

Question 41

Cross-fostered

Answer 41

raised as a member of a family that was not the same species

Question 42

Enculturation

Answer 42

a gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture