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Psychology 1200 > unit 8 > Flashcards

unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

concept

A

the mental representation of an obect/event/idea

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2
Q

categories

A

clusters of interrelated concepts

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3
Q

Classical categorization

A

view that objects/events are categorized according to rules

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4
Q

Classican categorization can’t explain…

A

graded membership

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5
Q

Prototypes

A

Mental representations of an average category member

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6
Q

Semantic networks

A

interconnected set of concepts and the links that join them to form a category

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7
Q

Category-specific visual agnosia (CSVA)

A

inability to identify certain categories

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8
Q

Linguistic Relativity (Whordian hypothesis)

A

theory that the language we use influences how we understand the world

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9
Q

Categorical perception

A

faster or more accurate discrimination of stimuli that straddle a category boundary

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10
Q

Universalist view

A

Common repertoire of thought/perception that influences all languages

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11
Q

Algorithms

A

problem solving strategies based on rules

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12
Q

Heuristics

A

Problem solving strategies that stem from prior experience

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13
Q

Mental set

A

cognitive obstacle when an individual attempts to apply routine solutions to a new problem

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14
Q

Functional fixedness

A

when an individual identifies a potential operator, but can only think of the move obvious function

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15
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A

mistaken belief that finding a member in two overlapping categories is more likely that finding the member in a larger general category

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16
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

making judgement of likelihood based on how well an example represents a category

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17
Q

Availability heuristic

A

estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples come to mind

18
Q

Anchoring effect

A

tendency to heavily rely on the first piece of information offered when decision making

19
Q

framing effects

A

descision making influenced by how problem is framed

20
Q

Belief perseverance

A

believes he or she has the solution to the problem or the correct answer for a question, and accepts only evidence that will confirm those beliefs

21
Q

Confirmation bias

A

when an individual searches only for evidence that will confirm his or her beliefs

22
Q

Language

A

form of communication that involves spoken, written, or gestural symbols that are combined in a rule-based form

23
Q

Phonemes

A

the most basic unit of speech sounds

24
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest meaningful units of a language

25
Q

Semantics

A

study of how people come to understand the meaning from words

26
Q

Syntax

A

rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences

27
Q

Pragmatic

A

study of nonlinguistic elements of language use

28
Q

Aphasias

A

language disorders caused by damage to the brain structures

29
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

area of the brain most associated with finding the meaning of words

30
Q

Broca’s area

A

frontal lobe structure that controls our ability to articulate speech sounds that compose words

31
Q

Infants as young as 2 months show a preference for…

A

speech sounds over non-speech sounds

32
Q

Fast mapping

A

the ability to map words onto concepts after only a single exposure

33
Q

Naming explosion

A

rapid increase in vocabulary size that occurs around 20-24 months of age

34
Q

Sensitive Period

A

time during childhood during which children’s brains are primed to develop language

35
Q

Cons of bilingual brains

A
  • Smaller vocabulary in children
  • Word access diminished in adulthood compares to unilingual adults
    • Trouble finding the right words
36
Q

Benefits of bilingual brains

A
  • Executive functions improved
  • Potential health benefits
    • Lower rate of neurodegenerative diseases
37
Q

Theories of language

A

behaviourst, nativist, and interactionist

38
Q

Behaviourist Theory

A

children acquire sentence structure and syntax through learning and conditioning
- skinner

39
Q

Nativist theory

A

assumes humans have a native (genetic) predisposition to develop language
- chomsky

40
Q

Interactionist theory

A

language development involves both biology and experience

41
Q

Cross-fostered

A

raised as a member of a family that was not the same species

42
Q

Enculturation

A

a gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture

Psychology 1200 (16 decks)

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