Unit 13 Flashcards
Bystander effect
the presence of other people actually reduces the likelihood of helping behaviour
1901
13.1
Chameleon effect
describes how people mimic others unconsciously
Diffusion of responsibility
the reduced personal responsibility that a person feels when more people are present in a situation
Groupthink
stifling of diversity that occurs when individuals are not able to express their true perspectives, and rather maintain harmony
Information influence
occurs when people feel the group is giving them useful information
Normative influence
the result of social pressure to adopt a group’s perspective in order to be accepted
Mimicry
taking on the behaviours, emotional displays, and facial expressions of others
Pluralistic ignorance
social norms operating in the situation may be different from the beliefs held by the people themselves
Social facilitation
occurs when one’s performance is affected by the presence of others
Social loafing
occurs when an individual puts less effort into working on a task with others
Social norms
the guidelines for how to behave in social contexts
Social roles
more specific sets of expectations for how someone in a specific position should behave
Why do individuals conform to others behaviours
people may conform because they want to be accepted by the group
How can individuals and groups influence behaviours
FILL IN
Contact hypothesis
predicts that social contact between members of different groups is extremely important to overcoming prejudice
Discrimination
behaviour that disfavours or disadvantages members of a certain social group
Prejudice
an affective, emotionally laden response to members of outgroups, including negative attitudes
Dual-process models
model of behaviour that accounts for both implicit and explicit processes
External attribution
the actor’s behaviour is explained as the result of the situation
Internal attribution
the behaviour of the actor is explained by some innate quality of the person
False consensus effect
tendency to project the self-concept on to the social world
Naive realism
our perceptions of reality are accurate, that we see things the way they are
Fundamental attribution error (FAE)
tendency to over-emphasize internal attributions and under-emphasize external factors when explaining a persons behaviour
Implicit associations test (IAT)
measures how fat people can respond to images or words flashed on a computer screen
Implicit processes
corresponding to unconscious thought, largely outside of our intentional control
Ingroup bias
positive biases that extend beyond the self and to ones ingroup
ingroup > outgroup
Ingroup
groups we feel positively towards and identify with
Outgroup
the groups we dont identify with
Person perception
the processes by which individuals categorize and form judgments about other people
Thin slices of behaviour
very small samples of a person’s behaviour
1996
13.3
Analytic system
operates at the explicit level of consciousness, reasons using language and is slower
Attitude innoculation
strategy for strengthening attitudes by posing a weak counter argument and then refuting it
Central route to persuasion
occurs when people pay close attention to the content of a message, evaluate the evidence presented, and examine the logic
Cognitive dissonance theory
when inconsistent beliefs are held, we are motivated to re
Construal-level theory
describes how information affects us based on our psychological distance from the info
Door-in-face technique
involves asking for something relatively big, then following with a request for something relatively small
Elaboration likelihood model (ELM)
when audiences are motivated to pay attention to a message, they have the cognitive resources available to understand the message
Experiential system
Operates more implicitly, quickly, and intuitively and is emotional
Foot-in-door technique
involves making a simple request followed by a more substantial request
Identifiable victim effect
people are more moved to action by the story of a single person than info about a whole group
Peripheral route to persuasion
persuasion depends upon other features that are not directly related to the message
Processing fluency
the ease with which information is processed
