Unit 6 Flashcards
Learning
a process by which behaviour of knowledge changes as a result of experience
Cognitive learning
reading, listening, and taking tests to acquire new knowledge
Associative learning
pairing of stimuli
Classical Conditioning
learning that occurs when a natural stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus
Hebb’s rule
Cells that fire together wire together
Acquisition
initial phase of learning in which a response is established
Extinction
the loosening or weakening of a CR when a CS and US no longer occur together
Spontaneous Recovery
recurrence of a previously extinguished response
Generalization
a process in which a response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to a different though similar stimulus
Discrimination
occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to a new stimuli similar to the original stimulus
Conditioned emotional responses
consists of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific type of object or situation
Preparedness
refers to the biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli
Conditioned taste aversion
the acquired dislike or disgust of a food or drink because it was paired with illness
Evaluative conditioning
when one stimulus takes on the emotional ‘valence’ of another stimuli
Negative political ads
use evaluative conditioning to elicit unpleasant emotional responses in the viewers while presenting images of political opponents
Higher-Order Classical Conditioning
When a CS functions as though it were a UCS
Operant conditioning
is a type of learning in which behaviour is determined by consequences
Edward Thorndike
Puzzle boxes with cats
Law of effect
Law of effect:
Responses followed by satisfaction will occur again; those not followed by satisfaction will become less likely
B.F. Skinner
Coined ‘operant conditioning’
Used operant boxes (Skinner boxes)
Reinforcement
a process in which an event or stimulus ( reinforcer ) that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again
Punishment
a process in which an event or stimulus (punisher) decreases the future probability of a response
Primary reinforcer
consist of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs
Secondary reinforcer
consist of reinforcing stimuli that acquire their value through learning
Positive reinforcement
Add pleasant stimulus to increase behaviour
Positive punishment
Add aversive stimulus to decrease behaviour
Negative reinforce
Remove aversive stimulus to increase bhevaiour
Negative punishment
Remove pleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour
