Unit 6

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

a process by which behaviour of knowledge changes as a result of experience

Question 2

Cognitive learning

Answer 2

reading, listening, and taking tests to acquire new knowledge

Question 3

Associative learning

Answer 3

pairing of stimuli

Question 4

Classical Conditioning

Answer 4

learning that occurs when a natural stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus

Question 5

Hebb’s rule

Answer 5

Cells that fire together wire together

Question 6

Acquisition

Answer 6

initial phase of learning in which a response is established

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

the loosening or weakening of a CR when a CS and US no longer occur together

Question 8

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 8

recurrence of a previously extinguished response

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

a process in which a response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to a different though similar stimulus

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to a new stimuli similar to the original stimulus

Question 11

Conditioned emotional responses

Answer 11

consists of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific type of object or situation

Question 12

Preparedness

Answer 12

refers to the biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli

Question 13

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 13

the acquired dislike or disgust of a food or drink because it was paired with illness

Question 14

Evaluative conditioning

Answer 14

when one stimulus takes on the emotional ‘valence’ of another stimuli

Question 15

Negative political ads

Answer 15

use evaluative conditioning to elicit unpleasant emotional responses in the viewers while presenting images of political opponents

Question 16

Higher-Order Classical Conditioning

Answer 16

When a CS functions as though it were a UCS

Question 17

Operant conditioning

Answer 17

is a type of learning in which behaviour is determined by consequences

Question 18

Edward Thorndike

Answer 18

Puzzle boxes with cats

Law of effect

Question 19

Law of effect:

Answer 19

Responses followed by satisfaction will occur again; those not followed by satisfaction will become less likely

Question 20

B.F. Skinner

Answer 20

Coined ‘operant conditioning’

Used operant boxes (Skinner boxes)

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

a process in which an event or stimulus ( reinforcer ) that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again

Question 22

Punishment

Answer 22

a process in which an event or stimulus (punisher) decreases the future probability of a response

Question 23

Primary reinforcer

Answer 23

consist of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs

Question 24

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 24

consist of reinforcing stimuli that acquire their value through learning

Question 25

Positive reinforcement

Answer 25

Add pleasant stimulus to increase behaviour

Question 26

Positive punishment

Answer 26

Add aversive stimulus to decrease behaviour

Question 27

Negative reinforce

Answer 27

Remove aversive stimulus to increase bhevaiour

Question 28

Negative punishment

Answer 28

Remove pleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour