Unit 11

Question 1

1527 chap beginning

Answer 1

1567

Question 2

Allostasis

Answer 2

motivation that is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs caused by stress

Question 3

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 3

an eating
disorder that involves 1. self-starvation,
2. intense fear of
weight gain and dissatisfaction with one’s body
3. denial of the serious consequences of severely low weight.

Question 4

Bulimia nervorsa

Answer 4

an eating disorder that is characterized by periods of food

deprivation, binge-eating, and purging

Question 5

Drive

Answer 5

biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed, such as food or water

Question 6

Hypothalamus

Answer 6

a set of nuclei found on the bottom surface of the brain

Question 7

Incentives

Answer 7

stimuli we seek out in order to reduce drives

Question 8

Motivation

Answer 8

concerns the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms toward specific goals

Question 9

Obesity

Answer 9

a disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

Question 10

Statiation

Answer 10

the point in a meal when we are no longer motivated to eat

Question 11

Trigger foods

Answer 11

items that affect the selection of healthy and unhealthy foods simply by being present among possible food alternatives

Question 12

Unit bias

Answer 12

the tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume

Question 13

what are the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns

Answer 13

The hypothalamus monitors glucose in the bloodstream, and the CCK signals for fullness. Social cues can also influence eating patterns

Question 14

What are the causes of common eating disorders

Answer 14

Stress, peer pressure, and idealized depictions of beauty all influence the prevalence of eating disorders. It is common that eating disorders are a way of feeling control.

Question 15

Who were the researchers that studied college students sexual motivations?

Answer 15

Meston and Buss

Question 16

Gender roles

Answer 16

the accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a given society

Question 17

Libido

Answer 17

the motivation for sexual activity and pleasure

Question 18

Refractory period

Answer 18

a time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible

Question 19

Sex guilt

Answer 19

negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviour

Question 20

Sexual orientation

Answer 20

the consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), same sex (homosexuality), or either sex (bisexuality)

Question 21

Sexual response cycle

Answer 21

describes the phases of physiological change during sexual activity

Question 22

Sexual scripts

Answer 22

the set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of males and females

Question 23

Transgender

Answer 23

o individuals who experience a
mismatch between the gender that they identify with and their
biological sex

Question 24

Transsexual

Answer 24

refers to the subset of
transgender individuals who wish to permanently transition from their
birth sex to the gender with which they identify

Question 25

compare and contrast sexual responses in men and women

Answer 25

similarities can be explained by a common reproductive physiology differences are that males have a refractory period

Question 26

Achievement motivation

Answer 26

the drive to perform at high levels and accomplish significant goals

Question 27

Approach goals

Answer 27

enjoyable and pleasant incentives that we are drawn toward

Question 28

Avoidance goal

Answer 28

an attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome

Question 29

Companionate love

Answer 29

related to tenderness, and to the affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person

Question 30

Extrinsic motivation | performance motive

Answer 30

motivation geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition, or avoiding embarrassment

Question 31

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 31

the process of being internally motivated to perform behaviours and overcome challenges

Question 32

Need to belong (affiliation motivation)

Answer 32

the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth

Question 33

Passionate love

Answer 33

associated with a physical and emotional longing for the other person

Question 34

Self-determination theory

Answer 34

an individual’s ability to achieve their goals and attain psychological well-being is influenced by the degree to which he or she is in control of the behaviours necessary to achieve those goals

Question 35

Self-efficacy

Answer 35

an individual’s confidence that he or she can plan and execute a course of action in order to solve a problem

Question 36

why do people experience a need to belong

Answer 36

People seek out friendships, romantic relationships, and group membership to satisfy a need for personal relationships

Question 37

Passionate vs. Companionate love

Answer 37

passionate involves a physical and emotional longing | companionate love involves tenderness about lives being intertwined and is related to long term stability

Question 38

1692 emotion

Answer 38

asdawdas

Question 39

Amygdala

Answer 39

a group of nuclei in the medial portion (near the middle) of the temporal lobes in each hemisphere of the brain

Question 40

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 40

suggested that the brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings, and that these representations in the brain trigger responses in the body.

Question 41

Display rules

Answer 41

the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion

Question 42

Emotion

Answer 42

behaviour with the following three components... 1. a subjective thought and/or experience with 2. accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal and 3. an observable behavioural expression

Question 43

Emotional dialects

Answer 43

variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed

Question 44

Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 44

suggests that our emotional expressions can influence our subjective emotional states.

Question 45

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 45

suggested that our physiological reactions to stimuli precede the emotional experience

Question 46

Two-factor theory

Answer 46

patterns of physical arousal and the cognitive labels we attach to them form the basis of our emotional experiences

Question 47

How does the nervous system respond to emotions

Answer 47

- amygdala triggers activity in other brain areas to determine how much attention a stimulus receives - sympathetic nervous system quickly prepares us for flight or fight - frontal lobe determines whether we should continue emotional response

Question 48

what expressions are universal

Answer 48

fear, anger, happiness, sadness, surprise, and disgust