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Psychology 1200 > Unit 10 > Flashcards

Unit 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

cohort effect

A

differences between people that result from being born in different time periods

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2
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

used to measure and compare sample of people at different ages at a given point in time

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3
Q

Developmental psychology

A

the study of human physical, cognitive social, and behavioural characteristics across a lifespan

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4
Q

Embryonic stage

A

spans weeks 2 - 8 during which the embryo begins developing major physical structures like the heart, nervous system, and limbs

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5
Q

Fetal stage

A

spans week 8-birth during which the skeletal, organ, and nervous systems become more developed and specialized

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6
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

amnormalities in mental functioning, growth, and facial development in children of women who use alcohol during pregnancy

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7
Q

Germinal stage

A

the first phase of prenatal development which spans from conception to two weeks

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8
Q

Longitudinal design

A

follows the development of the same set of individuals through time

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9
Q

Preterm infant

A

infants born earlier than 36 weeks

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10
Q

Reflexes

A

involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation

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11
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

the loss of weak nerve cell connections

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12
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

the forming of new synaptic connections

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13
Q

Teratogens

A

substances, such as drugs or environment toxins that impair the process of development

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14
Q

Zygote

A

the result of an egg and sperm fusing

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15
Q

Pros and cons of cross sectional designs

A

pros: faster and cheaper
cons: may suffer from cohort effects
- differences in ages might reflect a historical instead of developmental process

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16
Q

Pros and cons of longitudinal designs

A

pros: being able to track changes in the same people (direct insight)
cons: takes more time

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17
Q

what is the key to healthy fetal development

A

adequate nutrition
avoid teratogens
20% increase in caloric intake
more protein

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18
Q

Accommodation

A

a creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experience.

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19
Q

Assimilation

A

fitting new information into the belief system one already possesses

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20
Q

Attachment

A

the enduring emotional bond formed between individuals, initially between infants and caregivers

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21
Q

Attachment behavioural system

A

focused on meeting out own needs for security

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22
Q

Caregiving behavioural system

A

focused on meeting the needs of others

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23
Q

cognitive development

A

the study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes

24
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

when children develop skills in logical thinking and manipulating numbers
- ages 7-11

25
Q

Conservation

A

the knowledge that the quantity or amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of that object

26
Q

Core knowledge hypothesis

A

infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment

27
Q

Dishabituation

A

an increase in responsiveness with the presentation of a new stimulus

28
Q

Egocentric

A

only considering one’s own perspective

29
Q

formal operational stage

A

involves the development of advanced cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
- ages 11-adulthood

30
Q

Habituation

A

a decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event

31
Q

Inductive discipline

A

involves explaining the consequences of a child’s actions on other people, activating empathy for others feelings

32
Q

Introjection

A

the internalization of the conditional regard of significant others

33
Q

Object permanence

A

the ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot be directly perceived

34
Q

Preoperational stage

A

devoted to language development, the use of symbols, pretend play, and mastering the concept of observation
- ages 2- 7

35
Q

Scaffolding

A

a highly attentive approach to teaching in which the teacher matches guidance to the learner’s needs

36
Q

Self-awareness

A

the ability to recognize one’s individuality

37
Q

Sensitive period

A

a window of time during which exposure to a specific type of environmental stimulation

38
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

stage during which infants’ thinking about and exploration of the world are based on immediate sensory experiences
- birth - 2 yrs

39
Q

Strange situation

A

a way of measuring infant attachment by observing how infants behave when exposed to different experiences that involve anxiety and comfort

40
Q

Theory of mind

A

the ability to understand that other people have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives that may be different from one’s own

41
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

development is ideal when children attempt skills and activities that are just beyond what they can do alone, but they have guidance from adults who are attentive to their progress

42
Q

What are the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood

A 
accoding to piaget's theory...
infants mature through childhood thorough these stages
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
43
Q

what is the importance of attachment

A

based on the quality of the bond between a child and caregiver, individuals develop an attachment style which is their internalized feeling of security and self-worth.

44
Q

what are the attachment styles?

A

either secure on insecure. insecure attachments can be further divided into disorganized, anxious/ambivalent, and avoidant styles

45
Q

Conventional morality

A

Regards social
conventions and rules as guides for appropriate
moral behaviour.

46
Q

Delay gratification

A

putting off immediate temptations in order to focus on longer-term goals

47
Q

Identity

A

a clear sense of what kind of person you are, what types of people you belong with, and what roles you should play in society

48
Q

Post conventional morality

A

Considers rules and laws as relative.

49
Q

Preconventional morality

A

Characterized by self- interest in seeking reward or avoiding punishment

50
Q

what is the relationship between adolescents and risk taking

A

because the prefrontal cortex is still developing, it is often not sufficient to override the allure of immediate temptation and leads to failures to delay gratification

51
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a degenerative and terminal condition resulting in severe damage to the entire brain

52
Q

Dementia

A

a mild to severe disruption of mental functioning, memory loss, disorientation, and poor judgment and decision making

53
Q

What are the three main challenges emerging adults face

A 
relationships (cultivating intimacy and trust)
New possibilities (choosing life paths)
Personal strength (skills that come from successfully facing challenges)
54
Q

Alzheimers is a form of… and results in…

A

dementia

results in decline in memory, cognition, and basic bodily functioning

55
Q

How do cognitive abilities change with age

A

decline in cognitive abilities especially fluid intelligence like working memory

Psychology 1200 (16 decks)

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