unit 7 Flashcards by Rachel Rae

The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Memory is comprised of various subsystems

- stores & control processes

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Sensory Memory

a memory store that accurate;y holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

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Spotlight of attention

allows some sensory information to be transferred to STM

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Change blindness

occurs when information is outside the spotlight of attention

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Short-term memory (STM)

a memory store with limited capacity and duration (<1 minute)

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Chunking

organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units

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Long-Term Memory (LTM)

is a memory store that holds information for extended periods of time

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Retrieval

bring information from LTM back into STM

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Serial position effect

recalling earlier and later items from a list

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Working Memory (WM)

short - term remembering that includes memory components that can store small amounts of information for a short period of time

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Working memory consists of

phonological loop, episodic buffer, and visuospatial sketchpad

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Phonological Loop

storage component of WM that relies on rehearsal and stores information/sounds

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Word-length effect

People remember more one syllable words

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Visuospatial sketchpad

storage component of WM that maintains visual images

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Episodic buffer

storage component of WM that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into coherent episodes

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Central Executive

the control center of WM; it controls attention and the exchange of info among storage components

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Declarative (explicit) memories

memories that are conscious and can be verbalized

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Nondeclarative (implicit) memories

includes actions or memories that you can remember or perform without awareness

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Types of declarative memories

Semantic memories and episodic memories

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Semantic Memories

memories that include our general knowledge

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Episodic memories

memories of personal experiences recalled from a first- person perspective

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types of non declarative memories

Classical conditioning and procedural memories

Procedural memories

include pattern of muscle movements (motor memory)

Priming

previous exposure to a stimulus will affect later responses

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

increase in connectivity of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together - Hippocampus

Consolidation

converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain

memory decays without...

consolidation

Retrograde amnesia

inability to remember what was already known at the onset of amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

inability or limited ability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia

Maintenance rehearsal

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it

Elaborative rehearsal

prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning

Levels of processing

shallow and deep processing

Shallow processing

involves superficial properties of a stimulus

Deep processing

related to an item’s meaning or its function

Recognition

identifying a stimulus when it is presented

Recall

retrieving information when asked, without the information being present

Encoding specificity principle

predicts that retrieval is most effective when it is in the same context as encoding

Flashbulb memories

detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event

Mnemonics

techniques that are intended to improve memory for specific information

Acronyms

pronounceable word whose letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items

First letter technique

uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence

Dual coding

occurs when information is stored in more than one form

Method of loci

a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

Testing effect

taking a practice test can improve exam performance

Spacing effect

Material is better recalled when studied over a period of short sessions spaced apart, instead of in one long session

Schemas

an organized cluster of memories that constitutes one’s knowledge

Constructive Memory

a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details

False memory

remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event

Misinformation effect

when information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event

DRM procedure–Intrusion

recall of ‘critical lure’

Reality monitoring

ability to distinguish between memories for events that have actually occurred and memories for imagined events

Source monitoring

ability to properly attribute how (i.e., from what source) a memory originated

Imagination inflation

the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event

Recovered memories

memories of traumatic events that are suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time