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Psychology 1200 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

the process of detecting the external events by the sense organs

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2
Q

Transduction

A

process in which or chemical stimulation is converted into a neural impulse that is relayed to the brain

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3
Q

Perception

A

involves attending to, organizing and interpreting stimuli that we sense

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4
Q

Types of stimulus thresholds

A

Absolute threshold and difference treshold

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of energy or quantity of a
stimulus required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time it
is presented

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6
Q

Difference threshold

A

the smallest detectable difference between stimuli

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7
Q

Signal detection theory

A

States whether a stimulus is perceived

depends on both sensory experience and judgment made by the subject

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8
Q

Subliminal stimuli

A

presented to a person below their conscious threshold
We detect subliminal stimuli without conscious awareness
- activation in certain brain regions

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9
Q

Gestalt principles of perception

A

Figure-ground principle, proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure

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10
Q

Figure-ground principle

A

objects and figures in our environment tend to stand out against a background

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11
Q

Proximity

A

objects in close proximity tend to treated as a group

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12
Q

Similarity

A

objects of similar shape, colour, or orientation tend to be grouped

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13
Q

Continuity

A

items seen as whole figures, even if broken into segments

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14
Q

Closure

A

we fill in the gaps to complete a whole

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15
Q

Top-down processing

A

occurs when prior knowledge and expectations guide what is perceived

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16
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

is constructing a whole stimulus or concept from bits of raw sensory information

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17
Q

Selective attention

A

involves focusing on one particular event or task

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18
Q

Divided attention

A

involves paying attention to several stimuli or tasks at once

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19
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

a failure to notice clearly visible events or objects because attention is directed elsewhere

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20
Q

Basic structure of the eye

A

Sclera, cornea, pupil, iris, and lens

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21
Q

Sclera

A

White outer layer of eye

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22
Q

Cornea

A

Clear layer that covers the front of the eye

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23
Q

Pupil

A

Regulates amount of light let into eye

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24
Q

Iris

A

Round muscle that adjusts the size of the pupil

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25
Lens
clear structure that focuses light onto the back of the eye
26
Parts of the retina
Cones (with fovea), and rods
27
Cones
photoreceptors sensitive to wavelengths of light we perceive as colour; active in normal lighting conditions
28
Fovea
cone rich region in the center of the retina on which light is focused
29
Rods
photoreceptors on periphery of retina that are highly sensitive to low light levels
30
Dark adaption
the process by which rods and cones gain sensitivity to low light levels
31
Parts of the optic nerve
Bipolar neurons, ganglion cells, optic disc, and optic nerve
32
Bipolar neurons function
synapse onto photoreceptors
33
Ganglion cells function
transmits signals from bipolar neurons to brain
34
Optic disc
area on retina lacking rods and cones
35
Optic nerve
axon tracts from ganglion cells leading to brain
36
Common visual disorders
nearsighted, farsighted, and colourblindness
37
Trichromatic theory
maintains that colour vision is determined by three different cone types that are sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelength light (colour)
38
Opponent-process theory
states that we perceive colour in terms of opposite ends of the spectrum (red to green, yellow to blue, white to black)
39
Ganglion cells provide...
three colour 'channels'
40
Negative afterimages
After prolonged fixation, residual image seen with opposite colour
41
If based on trichromatic theory, colourblind individuals should not...
see yellow
42
Retinal neurons...
interact to organize visual information
43
Horizontal cells
laterally connecting inhibitory interneurons (GABA releasing)
44
Optic chiasm
crossover point for optic nerve at midpoint of the brain
45
Lateral geniculate nucleus
region within thalamus that directs visual information throughout the brain
46
Feature detection cells
neurons that respond selectively based on specific aspects of a stimulus (e.g., angles and edges) as well as to specific regions of the visual field.
47
Ventral stream
extends from visual cortex to temporal lobe Responsible for object and face recognition Fusiform face area
48
Greeble experiment
fusiform face area responsible for visual expertise
49
Perceptual constancy
the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size, and colour despite changes in perspective
50
Size constancy depends on...
other depth cues to make perceptual connections
51
Lightness constancy
Maintain perception under uneven illumination
52
Dorsal stream
Extends from visual cortex to parietal lobe | Responsible for depth and motion perception
53
Binocular depth cues
distance cues that are based on the differing perspectives of both eyes
54
Convergence
occurs when the eye muscles contract so that both eyes focus on a single object
55
Retinal disparity
the difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes
56
Parts of monocular depth cues
Accommodation, and motion parallax
57
Monocular depth cues
these are depth cues that we can perceive with only one eye
58
Accommodation
curving of lens to focus on nearby objects
59
Motion parallax
used when surroundings are in motion
60
Parts of sound
Pitch and loudness
61
Pitch
perceptual experience of sound wave frequencies
62
loudness
perceptual experience of amplitude
63
Basic parts of the human ear
Outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear
64
Outer ear parts
pinna, auditory canal, eardrum
65
Middle ear parts
ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
66
Inner ear parts
Cochlea
67
Place theory of hearing
how we perceive pitch is based on the location (place) along the basilar membrane that sound stimulates
68
Frequency theory
states the perception of pitch is related to the frequency at which the basilar membrane vibrates
69
Volley theory
neurons fire in rapid succession
70
Medial geniculate nucleus
structure within thalamus responsible for routing of auditory information
71
Primary auditiory cortex
major perceptual center of the brain involved in perceiving what we hear
72
Multimodal integration
combining sensations from different modalities into single integrated perception
73
McGurl effect
Occurs in the midbrain by the superior (visual) and inferior (auditory) colliculi
74
Soud localization
process of identifying where sound comes from | Controlled by the inferior
75
Sound localization is achieved by...
Interaural time differences and Sound shadow
76
What is used to perceive sense of touch
Mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors
77
Mechanoreceptors
detect pressure and touch
78
Nociceptors
detect heat and pain
79
Acuity
ability to discern to points of pressure
80
Haptics
active, exploratory aspect of touch sensation and perception
81
Kinesthetics
our sense of bodily motion and position
82
Nociception
the activity of the nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable stimulation
83
Nociceptors
free nerve endings that detect pain
84
Gate-control theory
explains our experience of pain as an interaction between nerves that transmit pain messages and those that inhibit these messages
85
___ has a subjective component
pain
86
Gustatory system
Taste system
87
Receptors for taste are located on ____ (__) that cover the tongue
small bumps (papillae)
88
Projections for taste go to ___ to ____
thalamus to gustatory cortex
89
Pro tasters
Can have many times the typical number (10,000) of taste buds of average people
90
Olfactory system
smell
91
Olfactory epithelium
thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia
92
Cilia transmit tranduced signal to the olfactory ____ via the ___
olfactory bulb via the olfactory tract

Psychology 1200 (16 decks)

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