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Psychology 1200 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

the process of detecting the external events by the sense organs

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2
Q

Transduction

A

process in which or chemical stimulation is converted into a neural impulse that is relayed to the brain

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3
Q

Perception

A

involves attending to, organizing and interpreting stimuli that we sense

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4
Q

Types of stimulus thresholds

A

Absolute threshold and difference treshold

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of energy or quantity of a
stimulus required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time it
is presented

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6
Q

Difference threshold

A

the smallest detectable difference between stimuli

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7
Q

Signal detection theory

A

States whether a stimulus is perceived

depends on both sensory experience and judgment made by the subject

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8
Q

Subliminal stimuli

A

presented to a person below their conscious threshold
We detect subliminal stimuli without conscious awareness
- activation in certain brain regions

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9
Q

Gestalt principles of perception

A

Figure-ground principle, proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure

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10
Q

Figure-ground principle

A

objects and figures in our environment tend to stand out against a background

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11
Q

Proximity

A

objects in close proximity tend to treated as a group

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12
Q

Similarity

A

objects of similar shape, colour, or orientation tend to be grouped

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13
Q

Continuity

A

items seen as whole figures, even if broken into segments

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14
Q

Closure

A

we fill in the gaps to complete a whole

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15
Q

Top-down processing

A

occurs when prior knowledge and expectations guide what is perceived

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16
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

is constructing a whole stimulus or concept from bits of raw sensory information

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17
Q

Selective attention

A

involves focusing on one particular event or task

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18
Q

Divided attention

A

involves paying attention to several stimuli or tasks at once

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19
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

a failure to notice clearly visible events or objects because attention is directed elsewhere

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20
Q

Basic structure of the eye

A

Sclera, cornea, pupil, iris, and lens

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21
Q

Sclera

A

White outer layer of eye

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22
Q

Cornea

A

Clear layer that covers the front of the eye

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23
Q

Pupil

A

Regulates amount of light let into eye

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24
Q

Iris

A

Round muscle that adjusts the size of the pupil

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25
Q

Lens

A

clear structure that focuses light onto the back of the eye

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26
Q

Parts of the retina

A

Cones (with fovea), and rods

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27
Q

Cones

A

photoreceptors sensitive to wavelengths of light we perceive as colour; active in normal lighting conditions

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28
Q

Fovea

A

cone rich region in the center of the retina on which light is focused

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29
Q

Rods

A

photoreceptors on periphery of retina that are highly sensitive to low light levels

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30
Q

Dark adaption

A

the process by which rods and cones gain sensitivity to low light levels

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31
Q

Parts of the optic nerve

A

Bipolar neurons, ganglion cells, optic disc, and optic nerve

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32
Q

Bipolar neurons function

A

synapse onto photoreceptors

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33
Q

Ganglion cells function

A

transmits signals from bipolar neurons to brain

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34
Q

Optic disc

A

area on retina lacking rods and cones

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35
Q

Optic nerve

A

axon tracts from ganglion cells leading to brain

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36
Q

Common visual disorders

A

nearsighted, farsighted, and colourblindness

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37
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

maintains that colour vision is determined by three different cone types that are sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelength light (colour)

38
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

states that we perceive colour in terms of opposite ends of the spectrum (red to green, yellow to blue, white to black)

39
Q

Ganglion cells provide…

A

three colour ‘channels’

40
Q

Negative afterimages

A

After prolonged fixation, residual image seen with opposite colour

41
Q

If based on trichromatic theory, colourblind individuals should not…

A

see yellow

42
Q

Retinal neurons…

A

interact to organize visual information

43
Q

Horizontal cells

A

laterally connecting inhibitory interneurons (GABA releasing)

44
Q

Optic chiasm

A

crossover point for optic nerve at midpoint of the brain

45
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

region within thalamus that directs visual information throughout the brain

46
Q

Feature detection cells

A

neurons that respond selectively based on specific aspects of a stimulus (e.g., angles and edges) as well as to specific regions of the visual field.

47
Q

Ventral stream

A

extends from visual cortex to temporal lobe
Responsible for object and face recognition
Fusiform face area

48
Q

Greeble experiment

A

fusiform face area responsible for visual expertise

49
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size, and colour despite changes in perspective

50
Q

Size constancy depends on…

A

other depth cues to make perceptual connections

51
Q

Lightness constancy

A

Maintain perception under uneven illumination

52
Q

Dorsal stream

A

Extends from visual cortex to parietal lobe

Responsible for depth and motion perception

53
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

distance cues that are based on the differing perspectives of both eyes

54
Q

Convergence

A

occurs when the eye muscles contract so that both eyes focus on a single object

55
Q

Retinal disparity

A

the difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes

56
Q

Parts of monocular depth cues

A

Accommodation, and motion parallax

57
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

these are depth cues that we can perceive with only one eye

58
Q

Accommodation

A

curving of lens to focus on nearby objects

59
Q

Motion parallax

A

used when surroundings are in motion

60
Q

Parts of sound

A

Pitch and loudness

61
Q

Pitch

A

perceptual experience of sound wave frequencies

62
Q

loudness

A

perceptual experience of amplitude

63
Q

Basic parts of the human ear

A

Outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear

64
Q

Outer ear parts

A

pinna, auditory canal, eardrum

65
Q

Middle ear parts

A

ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

66
Q

Inner ear parts

A

Cochlea

67
Q

Place theory of hearing

A

how we perceive pitch is based on the location (place) along the basilar membrane that sound stimulates

68
Q

Frequency theory

A

states the perception of pitch is related to the frequency at which the basilar membrane vibrates

69
Q

Volley theory

A

neurons fire in rapid succession

70
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus

A

structure within thalamus responsible for routing of auditory information

71
Q

Primary auditiory cortex

A

major perceptual center of the brain involved in perceiving what we hear

72
Q

Multimodal integration

A

combining sensations from different modalities into single integrated perception

73
Q

McGurl effect

A

Occurs in the midbrain by the superior (visual) and inferior (auditory) colliculi

74
Q

Soud localization

A

process of identifying where sound comes from

Controlled by the inferior

75
Q

Sound localization is achieved by…

A

Interaural time differences and Sound shadow

76
Q

What is used to perceive sense of touch

A

Mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors

77
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

detect pressure and touch

78
Q

Nociceptors

A

detect heat and pain

79
Q

Acuity

A

ability to discern to points of pressure

80
Q

Haptics

A

active, exploratory aspect of touch sensation and perception

81
Q

Kinesthetics

A

our sense of bodily motion and position

82
Q

Nociception

A

the activity of the nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable stimulation

83
Q

Nociceptors

A

free nerve endings that detect pain

84
Q

Gate-control theory

A

explains our experience of pain as an interaction between nerves that transmit pain messages and those that inhibit these messages

85
Q

___ has a subjective component

A

pain

86
Q

Gustatory system

A

Taste system

87
Q

Receptors for taste are located on ____ (__) that cover the tongue

A

small bumps (papillae)

88
Q

Projections for taste go to ___ to ____

A

thalamus to gustatory cortex

89
Q

Pro tasters

A

Can have many times the typical number (10,000) of taste buds of average people

90
Q

Olfactory system

A

smell

91
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia

92
Q

Cilia transmit tranduced signal to the olfactory ____ via the ___

A

olfactory bulb via the olfactory tract

Psychology 1200 (16 decks)

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