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Psychology 1200 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

a person’s subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness

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2
Q

Circadian signal path

A

Light on retina > Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) > Pineal gland > Melatonin > Drowsiness

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3
Q

What keeps us on a 24 hour cycle?

A

Entrainment and endogenous rhythms

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4
Q

Entrainment

A

synchronization between biological rhythms and external cues

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5
Q

Endogenous rhythms

A

biological rhythms generated by our body that are independent of light

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6
Q

Stages of sleep

A

beta waves, alpha saves, stage 1, stage 2, stage 3&4, and REM sleep

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7
Q

Beta waves

A

awake

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8
Q

Alpha waves

A

drowsy state; loss of attention

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9
Q

Stage 1

A

Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure decreases

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10
Q

Stage 2

A

Become less responsive to external stimuli; sporadic brain activity

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11
Q

Stage 3-4

A

Brain activity slows; difficult to wake

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12
Q

REM sleep

A

stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves, deep relaxation, inhibited body movement, and rapid eye movements (REM)

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13
Q

Theories of sleep

A

restore and repair hypothesis, and the preserve and protect hypothesis

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14
Q

Restore and repair hypothesis

A

the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear on the body from the day’s activities
- Housekeeping

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15
Q

Preserve and protect hypothesis

A

suggests that sleep preserves energy and protects the individual organism from harm
- sleep differences between predator and prey

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16
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep

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17
Q

Sleep Displacement

A

occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time

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18
Q

Sigmund freud theories of dreaming

A

Published The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

Argued dreams are unconscious expressions of wish fulfillment

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19
Q

Manifest content

A

the images and storylines that we dream about

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20
Q

Latent content

A

the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges

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21
Q

Modern theories of dreaming

A

Activation-synthesis hypothesis, and Problem-solving theory

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22
Q

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages arising from the brainstem

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23
Q

Probelm-solving theory

A

thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake

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24
Q

Components to porbelm-solving theory

A

Fast-forward playback
REM and learning
- Affects learning of complex tasks and problems
- Late REM phases especially important

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25
Common sleep disorders
insomnia, nightmares, night terrors, movement disturbances, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy
26
types of insomnia
onseit insomnia, maintenance insomnia, terminal insomnia, primary insomnia, and secondary insomnia.
27
onset insomnia
difficulty falling asleep
28
maintenance insomnia
difficulty returning to sleep
29
terminal insomnia
waking up too earl
30
Primary insomnia
due to internal source (ie worrying)
31
secondary insomnia
result of other disorders
32
nightmares
particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep
33
Night terrors
intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state
34
Restless leg syndrome
persistent feeling of discomfort in the legs and the urge to continuously shift them into different positions
35
REM behavior disorder
act out dreams due to failure to inhibit motor signals
36
Somnambulism (sleep walking)
a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep
37
sleep apnea
temporary inability to breathe during sleep | - causes damage to medulla from lack of oxygen
38
Narcolepsy
a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks
39
Hypnosis
a procedure of inducing a heightened state of suggestibility | not a distinct state of consciousness
40
Types of hypnotic suggestions
Ideomotor, challenge, and cognitive-perceptual
41
Ideomotor
actions to be performed
42
Hypnotic Challenge
actions not to be performed
43
Cognitive- perceptual
prompt remembering/forgetting or altered perceptions
44
Theories of hypnosis
Dissociation theory, and social-cognitive theory
45
Dissociation theory
explains hypnosis as a unique state in which consciousness is divided (autopilot)
46
Social-cognitive theory
emphasizes the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility (conform)
47
Applications of hypnosis
Effective for treatments (pain relief | Can be used to recover fals memories (can't be used as evidence in court)
48
Consciousness can be assessed on a spectrum of....
wakefulness/alertness
49
Brain death
a condition in which the brain, specifically including the brain stem, no longer functions - no potential for recovery
50
Coma
a state marked by complete loss of consciousness | - No pupillary response
51
Persistent vegetative state (PVS)
a state of minimal to no consciousness - Eyes open but do not track movement - Normal sleep cycles - Best hope for recovery before 6 months
52
Minimally conscious state
disordered state of consciousness marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis
53
Locked-in syndrome
patient is aware and awake but, because of an inability to move, appears unconscious - diminished brain activity as conscious awareness decreases
54
PVS paintents' fMRI techniques suggest...
Comprehension of commands and mental imagery
55
Psychoactive drugs
are substances that affect thinking, behaviour, perception, and emotion
56
Short term effects of drugs
Agonistic or antagonistic effects Amount of neurotransmitter released at synapse Preventing reuptake Blocking the receptor Binding to the receptor in place of the neurotransmitter Promote receptor formation/depletion
57
short term effects of drugs
- Agonistic or antagonistic effects - Amount of neurotransmitter released at synapse - Preventing reuptake - Blocking the receptor - Binding to the receptor in place of the neurotransmitter - Promote receptor formation/depletion
58
Long term effects of drugs
Tolerance. physical dependence, psychological dependence
59
Nucleus accumbens
A prime area of activation when a person engages in pleasurable/rewarding behavior
60
Anticipatory drug effects
exprience with a drug changes response, and context-dependent overdoses
61
Stimulants
a category of drugs that speed up the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness
62
Effects of stimulants
- Euphoria, increased energy, lowered inhibitions - Increased dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine - Tolerance develops quickly - High risk of dependence - ex) cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy (MDMA)
63
Describe physical deterioration
- Hygiene neglected | - Drug cocktail often includes ingredients such as hydrochloric acid and farm fertilizer
64
Describe cognitive deterioration
- Structural abnormalities in cells of the frontal lobes - Users develop difficulties ignoring irrelevant thoughs - Ex) stroop test
65
Hallucinogens
substances that produce perceptual distortions
66
Effects of hallucinogens
- Experiences range from euphoria to fear, panic, and paranois - Increased serotonin, blocks glutamate recpetors - Tolerance develops slowly - Low risk of dependence - Ex) LSD, ketamine, DMT, psilocybin (shrooms), salvia divinorum
67
Marijuana
made from the leaves and buds of the cannabis plant
68
General effects of marijuana
- Euphoria, relaxation, distorted sensory experiences, paranoia - THC mimics brain chemicals (anandamide) involved in sleep and memory by binding to cannabinoid receptors - Tolerance develops slowly - Low risk of dependence - Stimulates hunger, reduces pain
69
Marijuana effects on the brain
Impairs memory, executive functioning, and motor coordination
70
Opiates
drugs that reduce pain and induce extremely intense feelings of euphoria
71
Effects of opiates
- Intense euphoria, pain relief - Stimulate endorphin receptors - Tolerance develops quickly - Very high risk of dependence - Ex) morphine, codeine, opium, heroine, fentanyl, oxycodone - Methadone treatment used to wean patients off of opiates (reduces withdrawal symptoms, but no high)
72
Sedatives
depress neural activity of the central nervous system
73
Effects of sedatives
- Drowsiness, relaxation, sleep - Increase GABA activity - Tolerance develops quickly - High risk of dependence - Ex) Xanax, valium - Barbiturates vs benzodiazepines
74
Alcohol
most commonly used drug
75
Effects of alcohol
- Euphoria, relaxation, lowered inhibitions - Increase GABA activity, then stimulates endorphin and dopamine receptors - Tolerance develops gradually - Moderate to high risk of dependance - Biphasic effect

Psychology 1200 (16 decks)

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