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Psychology 1200 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

a person’s subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness

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2
Q

Circadian signal path

A

Light on retina > Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) > Pineal gland > Melatonin > Drowsiness

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3
Q

What keeps us on a 24 hour cycle?

A

Entrainment and endogenous rhythms

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4
Q

Entrainment

A

synchronization between biological rhythms and external cues

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5
Q

Endogenous rhythms

A

biological rhythms generated by our body that are independent of light

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6
Q

Stages of sleep

A

beta waves, alpha saves, stage 1, stage 2, stage 3&4, and REM sleep

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7
Q

Beta waves

A

awake

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8
Q

Alpha waves

A

drowsy state; loss of attention

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9
Q

Stage 1

A

Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure decreases

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10
Q

Stage 2

A

Become less responsive to external stimuli; sporadic brain activity

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11
Q

Stage 3-4

A

Brain activity slows; difficult to wake

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12
Q

REM sleep

A

stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves, deep relaxation, inhibited body movement, and rapid eye movements (REM)

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13
Q

Theories of sleep

A

restore and repair hypothesis, and the preserve and protect hypothesis

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14
Q

Restore and repair hypothesis

A

the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear on the body from the day’s activities
- Housekeeping

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15
Q

Preserve and protect hypothesis

A

suggests that sleep preserves energy and protects the individual organism from harm
- sleep differences between predator and prey

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16
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep

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17
Q

Sleep Displacement

A

occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time

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18
Q

Sigmund freud theories of dreaming

A

Published The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

Argued dreams are unconscious expressions of wish fulfillment

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19
Q

Manifest content

A

the images and storylines that we dream about

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20
Q

Latent content

A

the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges

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21
Q

Modern theories of dreaming

A

Activation-synthesis hypothesis, and Problem-solving theory

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22
Q

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages arising from the brainstem

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23
Q

Probelm-solving theory

A

thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake

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24
Q

Components to porbelm-solving theory

A

Fast-forward playback
REM and learning
- Affects learning of complex tasks and problems
- Late REM phases especially important

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25
Q

Common sleep disorders

A

insomnia, nightmares, night terrors, movement disturbances, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy

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26
Q

types of insomnia

A

onseit insomnia, maintenance insomnia, terminal insomnia, primary insomnia, and secondary insomnia.

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27
Q

onset insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep

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28
Q

maintenance insomnia

A

difficulty returning to sleep

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29
Q

terminal insomnia

A

waking up too earl

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30
Q

Primary insomnia

A

due to internal source (ie worrying)

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31
Q

secondary insomnia

A

result of other disorders

32
Q

nightmares

A

particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep

33
Q

Night terrors

A

intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state

34
Q

Restless leg syndrome

A

persistent feeling of discomfort in the legs and the urge to continuously shift them into different positions

35
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

act out dreams due to failure to inhibit motor signals

36
Q

Somnambulism (sleep walking)

A

a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep

37
Q

sleep apnea

A

temporary inability to breathe during sleep

- causes damage to medulla from lack of oxygen

38
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks

39
Q

Hypnosis

A

a procedure of inducing a heightened state of suggestibility

not a distinct state of consciousness

40
Q

Types of hypnotic suggestions

A

Ideomotor, challenge, and cognitive-perceptual

41
Q

Ideomotor

A

actions to be performed

42
Q

Hypnotic Challenge

A

actions not to be performed

43
Q

Cognitive- perceptual

A

prompt remembering/forgetting or altered perceptions

44
Q

Theories of hypnosis

A

Dissociation theory, and social-cognitive theory

45
Q

Dissociation theory

A

explains hypnosis as a unique state in which consciousness is divided
(autopilot)

46
Q

Social-cognitive theory

A

emphasizes the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility
(conform)

47
Q

Applications of hypnosis

A

Effective for treatments (pain relief

Can be used to recover fals memories (can’t be used as evidence in court)

48
Q

Consciousness can be assessed on a spectrum of….

A

wakefulness/alertness

49
Q

Brain death

A

a condition in which the brain, specifically including the brain stem, no longer functions
- no potential for recovery

50
Q

Coma

A

a state marked by complete loss of consciousness

- No pupillary response

51
Q

Persistent vegetative state (PVS)

A

a state of minimal to no consciousness

  • Eyes open but do not track movement
  • Normal sleep cycles
  • Best hope for recovery before 6 months
52
Q

Minimally conscious state

A

disordered state of consciousness marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis

53
Q

Locked-in syndrome

A

patient is aware and awake but, because of an inability to move, appears unconscious
- diminished brain activity as conscious awareness decreases

54
Q

PVS paintents’ fMRI techniques suggest…

A

Comprehension of commands and mental imagery

55
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

are substances that affect thinking, behaviour, perception, and emotion

56
Q

Short term effects of drugs

A

Agonistic or antagonistic effects
Amount of neurotransmitter released at synapse
Preventing reuptake
Blocking the receptor
Binding to the receptor in place of the neurotransmitter
Promote receptor formation/depletion

57
Q

short term effects of drugs

A
  • Agonistic or antagonistic effects
  • Amount of neurotransmitter released at synapse
  • Preventing reuptake
  • Blocking the receptor
  • Binding to the receptor in place of the neurotransmitter
  • Promote receptor formation/depletion
58
Q

Long term effects of drugs

A

Tolerance. physical dependence, psychological dependence

59
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

A prime area of activation when a person engages in pleasurable/rewarding behavior

60
Q

Anticipatory drug effects

A

exprience with a drug changes response, and context-dependent overdoses

61
Q

Stimulants

A

a category of drugs that speed up the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness

62
Q

Effects of stimulants

A
  • Euphoria, increased energy, lowered inhibitions
  • Increased dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
  • Tolerance develops quickly
  • High risk of dependence
  • ex) cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy (MDMA)
63
Q

Describe physical deterioration

A
  • Hygiene neglected

- Drug cocktail often includes ingredients such as hydrochloric acid and farm fertilizer

64
Q

Describe cognitive deterioration

A
  • Structural abnormalities in cells of the frontal lobes
  • Users develop difficulties ignoring irrelevant thoughs
  • Ex) stroop test
65
Q

Hallucinogens

A

substances that produce perceptual distortions

66
Q

Effects of hallucinogens

A
  • Experiences range from euphoria to fear, panic, and paranois
  • Increased serotonin, blocks glutamate recpetors
  • Tolerance develops slowly
  • Low risk of dependence
  • Ex) LSD, ketamine, DMT, psilocybin (shrooms), salvia divinorum
67
Q

Marijuana

A

made from the leaves and buds of the cannabis plant

68
Q

General effects of marijuana

A
  • Euphoria, relaxation, distorted sensory experiences, paranoia
  • THC mimics brain chemicals (anandamide) involved in sleep and memory by binding to cannabinoid receptors
  • Tolerance develops slowly
  • Low risk of dependence
  • Stimulates hunger, reduces pain
69
Q

Marijuana effects on the brain

A

Impairs memory, executive functioning, and motor coordination

70
Q

Opiates

A

drugs that reduce pain and induce extremely intense feelings of euphoria

71
Q

Effects of opiates

A
  • Intense euphoria, pain relief
  • Stimulate endorphin receptors
  • Tolerance develops quickly
  • Very high risk of dependence
  • Ex) morphine, codeine, opium, heroine, fentanyl, oxycodone
  • Methadone treatment used to wean patients off of opiates (reduces withdrawal symptoms, but no high)
72
Q

Sedatives

A

depress neural activity of the central nervous system

73
Q

Effects of sedatives

A
  • Drowsiness, relaxation, sleep
  • Increase GABA activity
  • Tolerance develops quickly
  • High risk of dependence
  • Ex) Xanax, valium
  • Barbiturates vs benzodiazepines
74
Q

Alcohol

A

most commonly used drug

75
Q

Effects of alcohol

A
  • Euphoria, relaxation, lowered inhibitions
  • Increase GABA activity, then stimulates endorphin and dopamine receptors
  • Tolerance develops gradually
  • Moderate to high risk of dependance
  • Biphasic effect

Psychology 1200 (16 decks)

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