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Psychology 1200 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

Biological Psychology

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1
Q

Chromosomes

A

structure in the cellular nucleus that are lined with all of the genes an individual inherits

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2
Q

DNA

A

a molecule formed in a double-helix shape that contains 4 types of nucleotides

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3
Q

Genes

A

the basic unit of heredity; guide to protein synthesis

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4
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

the observable characteristics, including physical structures & behavior

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

when genes at a particular location the same on each chromosome

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7
Q

Hereozygous

A

when the genes at a particular location are different on each chromosome

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8
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

the study of how genes and environment influence behaviour

- twin adoption studies

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9
Q

Heritability of 0 to 1

A

Measures the degree to which genetics explains individual differences in behaviour or trait

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10
Q

Behavioural genomics

A

the study of DNA and the ways in which specific genes are related to behaviour

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11
Q

One gene is not…

A

limited to one trait

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12
Q

Examples of evolutionary psychology

A

Human mate preferences

  • Females tend to prefer strong, committed financially secure males
  • Males tend to prefer youthful, physically beautiful females
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13
Q

Neural plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change the structure and function

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14
Q

Adult neruogenesis

A

formation of new neurons that are integrated into the adult brain

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15
Q

Gilial cells

A

specialized cells of the nervous system that are involved in many functions

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16
Q

Functions of gilial cells

A
  1. Surround and hold in place neurons
  2. Supplying nutrients and oxygen to neurons
  3. Insulating neurons from one another
  4. Mounting immune responses
  5. Clearing neurotransmitters after release
  6. Making myelin sheath
  7. saltatory conduction
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17
Q

Cations

A

positively charged ions

  • Sodium (Na+)
  • Potassium (K+)
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18
Q

Anions

A

negatively charged ions

- Chloride (Cl-)

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19
Q

Concentration gradient

A

ions naturally diffuse from areas of high concentration to low concentration

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20
Q

Resting potential

A

refers to a neuron’s stables, inactive state during which the cell is not transmitting or receiving messages

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21
Q

Action potential

A

a wave of the electrical activity that originates at the base of the axon and rapidly travel travels down its length

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22
Q

Refeactory period

A

a brief period during which a neuron cannot fire

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23
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

the minute space between the terminal button and the dendrite of another neuron

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24
Q

Reuptake

A

a process whereby neurotransmitters released into the synapse are reabsorbed into the axon terminals
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

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25
Q

Glutamate is the primary transmitter for…

A

excitatory functions

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26
Q

GABA is the primary transmitter for…

A

inhibitory functions

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27
Q

Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter for…

A

movement

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28
Q

Dopamine controls…

A

movement and the reward center

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29
Q

Norepinephrine generates…

A

levels of arousal

30
Q

Serotinin is important for…

A

mood regulation

31
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters…

A

increase the likelihood of an action potential occurring

32
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters…

A

decrease the likelihood of an action potential occurring

33
Q

Agonists

A

drugs that enhance or mimic the effects of a neurotransmitters action

34
Q

Antagonists

A

inhibit neurotransmitter activity by blocking receptors or preventing synthesis of the transmitter

35
Q

Direct agonist

A
  • binds to receptor

- enhances the neurotransmitter

36
Q

Indirect agonist

A
  • does not bind to the receptor

- enhances the neurotransmitter

37
Q

Antagonist

A
  • binds to the receptor

- does not enhance the neurotransmitter

38
Q

Parts of the hindbrain

A

medulla, pons, and cerebellum

39
Q

Function of medulla and pons

A

involuntary movement, breathing, sleep patterns, and communication between parts of the brain

40
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

muscle memory (motor programming) and refined movement

41
Q

Parts of the midbrain

A

Tectum, and substantia nigra

42
Q

Tectum

A

consists of the superior Colliculus which orients out visual attention, and the inferior Colliculus which orients out auditory attention

43
Q

Substantia nigra

A

connected with the forebrain and plays a role in production voluntary movements
- affected in parkinsons

44
Q

Parts of the forebrain

A

Ventricles, Basal ganglia, nucleus accumbens, and limbic system

45
Q

Function of ventricles

A

contain cerebrospinal fluid which removes waste products and supplies nutrients and hormones to the brain and spine

46
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

involved in facilitating planned movements and skill learning

47
Q

Function of nucleus accumbens

A

integrates sensory and movement information with the brain’s reward system

48
Q

Parts of the limbic system

A

amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus

49
Q

Amygdala

A

processes emotional responses and stimuli

50
Q

Hippocampus

A

critical for learning and formation and new memories

51
Q

Thalamus

A

relays sensory information to different regions of the brain

52
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates basic biological needs and motivation systems

53
Q

Homeostasis

A

the balance of energy, metabolism, body temperature, and other basic functions that keep the body working

54
Q

Pituitary gland

A

master gland of the endocrine system

55
Q

Hormones

A

chemicals secreted by the glands of the endocrine system

56
Q

Parts of the cerebral cortex

A

Grey matter, white matter, frontal loves, parietal lobes, occipital lobes, corpus callosum, and temporal lobes

57
Q

Grey matter

A

composed of cell bodies and dendrites

58
Q

White matter

A

composed of myelinated axons that interconnect the different structures of the brain

59
Q

Frontal lobes

A

important for many ‘higher’ cognitive functions, such as planning, inhibition of impulses and emotion, language production, and voluntary movement
- Primary motor cortex

60
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Somatosensory cortex: responsible for touch sensations for various body parts

61
Q

Occipital lobes

A

located at the rear of the brain, where visual information is processed

62
Q

Temporal lobes

A

located at the sides of the brain near the ears, and involved in hearing, language, and aspects of vision such as object and face recognition

63
Q

Corpus callosum

A

a densely concentrated bundle of nerve cells connecting the two hemispheres

64
Q

Broca’s area

A

involved in articulating spoken words

- left side

65
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

involved in comprehension of spoken and written language

- left side

66
Q

Divisions of the nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system
- sympathetc and parasympathetic division
Somatic nervous system

67
Q

Autonomic system

A

controls organs, glands, and other automatic processes in the body

68
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Fight or flight response

69
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

maintains bodily functions and conserves resources (rest and digest)

70
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls muscles and transmits sensory info

Psychology 1200 (16 decks)

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