Unit 12 Flashcards
Dark Triad
Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism
- description of a person who is socially destructive and likely to commit harm
Factor analysis
technique used to group items that people response to similarly
Five Factor Model
a trait-based theory of personality based on that finding that personality can be described using 5 major dimensions
HEXACO model
a six factor theory that replicates the 5 factors in FFM and adds Honesty-humility
idiographic approach
focuses in creating detailed descriptions of a specific person’s personality characteristics
Nomothetic approach
examines personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations
Personality
characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains consistent
Personality trait
a specific psychological characteristic that makes up part of a person’s personality
Reciprocal determinism
behaviour, internal factors, and external factors interact to determine one another, and our personalities are
based on interactions among these three aspects
Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)
a problematic set of personality characteristics that also predisposes people to certain types of violent or anti-social tendencies.
3 tendencies of RWA
- obeying orders and deferring to the established authorities
- supporting aggression against those who differ from the social order
- believing strongly in maintaining the existing social order
State
a temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour
behaviorist view of personality
stimuli controls a person response. no reference to cognitive factors
Social-cognitive view of personality
emphasizes that situations, behaviours, and thoughts determine each other
Parts of the big five factor model
openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism
how does personality and physical states determine behaviour?
both are important factors.
personality is quite consistent, yet situations can lead to unexpected behaviour
Arousal theory of extraversion
extraverts need more stimulation because they are understimulated typically
Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling arousal response
Behavioural Activation System (BAS)
is a “go” system arousing the person to action in the pursuit of goals
Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments (or negative outcomes)
Humourism
theory explaining both physical illnesses and disorders of personality resulting from key fluid imbalances in body
Phrenology
theory that personality is related to skull shape
Response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
How do evolutionary theories explain personality
personality traits evolved because they solved environmental and social problems
how is arousal related to extraversion
highly extraverted have a less reactive ARAS so they perfer more stimulated environments
introverts had a highly reactice ARAS and like lower levels of stimulation
analyze claims that genders have specific personalities
females tend to be more conscientious, agreeable, extraverted and neurotic than males
Explain genetic basis of personality
personality emerges through the interaction of genes and the environment
- identical twins more similar than faternal
Analytical personality
focuses on the role of unconscious archetypes in personality development
Personal unconscious
a vast repository of experiences and patterns absorbed during a person’s life
collective unconscious
a separated, non-personal real of unconscious that holds the collective memories and mythologies of humankind, stretching into ancestral past
archetypes
images and symbols that reflect common patterns of experience across all culture
Inferiority complex
the struggle with feelings of inferiority what stem from feelings of helplessness and powerlessness during childhood
Conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of now
Unconscious mind
a more vast and powerful but inaccessible part of consciousness
Defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
types of defence mechanisms
denial, displacement, identification, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, and sublimation
Person-centered perspective
the assumption that people are good and given the right environment, will develop fully and normally.
Self actualization
the drive to grow and fulfill one’s potential
Protective tests
personality tests in which ambiguous images are presented to an individuals to elicit responses
Thematic Apperception test (TAT)
asks respondent to tell stories about ambiguous pictures
How are defence mechanisms used to cope?
includes denying urges, displacing them, and findind more acceptable ways of expressing them
explain developmental stages from freud
each stage is associated with a unique conflict as a ego and superego develop
- failure to resolve conflict can result in fixation
Fixation
involves becoming preoccupied with obtaining pleasure associated with a particular stage
freuds developmental stages
oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital
Are projective tests valid measures of personality
they can be useful tools to provide insight, but are not valid ways
what are the strengths and weaknesses of psychodynamic perspectives
pros: can provide compelling explanations for human motivation
cons: little scientific backing
Parts of the five factor model
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
