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Psychology 1200 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Principles of scientific research

A 
Based on measurements that are reliable, objective, and valid
Generalize
Use of technique that reduces bias
Made public
Can be replicated
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2
Q

Objective measurements

A

The measure of an entity of behaviour that, within an allowed margin of error, is consistent across instruments and observers

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3
Q

Variable

A 
Refers to the object, concept, or event that is being measured
Behavioural measures
Magnetic resonance measuring (MRI)
Blood or saliva samples
Self reporting
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4
Q

Operational definitions

A

Statements that describes that procedures (or operations) and/or specific measures that are used to record observations

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5
Q

Reliability

A

When a measure provides consistent and stable answers across multiple observations and points in time
test -retest reliability
Alternate-forms reliability
Inter-rater reliability

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6
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which an instrument or procedure actually measures what is claims to measure

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7
Q

Generalizability

A

Refers to the degree to which one set of results can be applied to other situations, individuals, or events
- study large groups

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8
Q

Sample types

A

Random sample, and convenience sample

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9
Q

Random sample

A

every individual of a population has an equal chance of being included

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10
Q

Convenience sample

A

samples of individuals who are the most readily available

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11
Q

Location of study

A

laboratory vs naturalistic research

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12
Q

Ecological validity

A

the degree to which the results of a laboratory study can be applied to or repeated in the natural environment

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13
Q

Sources of bias in psych research

A

Hawthorne effect, demand characteristics, social desirability responding, observe expectancy effect, and placebo effect

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14
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

a term used to describe situations in which behaviour changes as a result of being observed

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15
Q

Demand characteristics

A

inadvertent cues given off by the experimenter or the experimental context that provide information about how participants are expected to behave

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16
Q

Social desirability responding

A

research participants respond in ways that increase the chances that they will be viewed favourably

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17
Q

Observer expectancy effect

A

researchers expectations influence subjects behaviour

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18
Q

Placebo effect

A

a measurable and experienced improvement in health or behaviour that cannot be attributable to a medication or treatment

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19
Q

Techniques that reduce bias

A

anonymity, confidentiality, inform participants, single-blind study, and double-blind study

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20
Q

Anonymity

A

each individual’s response are recorded without any name or other personal information that could link a particular individual to specific results

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21
Q

Confidentiality

A

means the results will only be seen by the researcher

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22
Q

Inform participants

A

reduces participants anxiety and social desirability bias

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23
Q

Single-blind study

A

the participants do not know the true purpose of the study, or else do not know which type of treatment they are receiving

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24
Q

Double-blind study

A

a study in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows the exact treatment for any individual

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25
Peer review
a process in which papers submitted for publication in scholarly journals are read and critiqued by experts in the specific field of study
26
Replication
the process of repeating a study and finding the similar outcome each time
27
Anecdotal evidence
an individual’s story or testimony about an observation or event that is used to make a claim as evidence
28
Appeal to authority
the belief in an “expert’s” claim even when no supporting data or scientific evidence is present
29
Appeal to common sense
a tradition or novelty
30
Types of descriptive research
case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys and questionnaires
31
Descriptive data
data from observations with no attempt to explain why
32
Case studies
In-depth reports about the details of a specific case | ex) Phineas Gage
33
Naturalistic observation
When psychologists unobtrusively observe and record behavior as it occurs in the subjects natural environment
34
Surveys and questionnaires
Participants make observations
35
Correlational research
involves measuring the degree of association between 2 variables
36
Correlations have...
direction (+ vs -) and magnitude (correlation coeeficient from -1 to +1
37
Illusory correlations
relationships that really exist only in the mind rather than in reality
38
How can variables be manipulated?
random assignment, experimenter control, between subjects design, within subjects design,and the quasi-experimental method
39
Random assignment
a technique for dividing samples into two or more groups
40
Experimenter control
variables are manipulated
41
Confounding variables
variables outside of the researchers control that might affect the results
42
Between subjects design
participants who are in different groups are compared
43
Within-subjects design
all participants respond to all types of stimuli or experience all experimental conditions
44
Quasi-experimental method
a research technique in which two or more groups that are compared are selected based on predetermined characteristics, rather than random assignment
45
Ethics in psychology
Risks vs. benefits Consent Participant rights Oversight
46
Research Ethics Board (REB)
a committee of researchers and officials at an institution charged with the protection of human research participants
47
Potential stress to participants
Physical stress Cognitive and emotional stress Mortality salience Writing about upsetting or traumatic experiences Stress usually minor; benefits need to outweigh risks
48
Informed consent
A potential volunteer must be informed (know the purpose, tasks, and risks involved in the study) and give consent (agree to participate on the information provided
49
What must be included to have informed consent from a participant?
``` Topic Nature of stimuli Nature of tasks Duration Risks Steps to minimize risks ```
50
Deception
misleading or partially informing participants of the true topic or hypothesis under investigation
51
Full Consent
Not participate without penalty Given equal opportunities Opt out anytime Withhold responses
52
Debriefing
means that the researchers should explain the true nature of the study, and especially the nature of and reason for deception
53
When are animals used for research
Treatments cannot be applied to humans Heritability studies require species with short lifespans Examining evolutionary origins of behaviour and cognition
54
Ethical treatment of animals in research
Given appropriate housing, feeding, and sanitation | Risk and discomfort needs to be justified and managed humanely
55
Descriptive statistics
A set of techniques used to organize, summarize, and interpret data Frequency Central tendency Variability
56
Frequency
The number of observations that fall within a certain category or range of scores
57
Central Tendency
a measure of the central point of distribution (mean, median, mode)
58
Variability
The degree to which scores are dispersed in a distribution
59
Standard deviation
a measure of variability around the mean
60
Hypothesis test
a statistical method of evaluating whether differences among groups are meaningful, or could have been arrived at by chance alone
61
Statistical significance
implies that the means of the groups are farther apart than you would expect them to be by random chance alone

Psychology 1200 (16 decks)

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