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Psychology 1200 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Principles of scientific research

A 
Based on measurements that are reliable, objective, and valid
Generalize
Use of technique that reduces bias
Made public
Can be replicated
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2
Q

Objective measurements

A

The measure of an entity of behaviour that, within an allowed margin of error, is consistent across instruments and observers

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3
Q

Variable

A 
Refers to the object, concept, or event that is being measured
Behavioural measures
Magnetic resonance measuring (MRI)
Blood or saliva samples
Self reporting
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4
Q

Operational definitions

A

Statements that describes that procedures (or operations) and/or specific measures that are used to record observations

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5
Q

Reliability

A

When a measure provides consistent and stable answers across multiple observations and points in time
test -retest reliability
Alternate-forms reliability
Inter-rater reliability

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6
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which an instrument or procedure actually measures what is claims to measure

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7
Q

Generalizability

A

Refers to the degree to which one set of results can be applied to other situations, individuals, or events
- study large groups

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8
Q

Sample types

A

Random sample, and convenience sample

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9
Q

Random sample

A

every individual of a population has an equal chance of being included

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10
Q

Convenience sample

A

samples of individuals who are the most readily available

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11
Q

Location of study

A

laboratory vs naturalistic research

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12
Q

Ecological validity

A

the degree to which the results of a laboratory study can be applied to or repeated in the natural environment

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13
Q

Sources of bias in psych research

A

Hawthorne effect, demand characteristics, social desirability responding, observe expectancy effect, and placebo effect

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14
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

a term used to describe situations in which behaviour changes as a result of being observed

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15
Q

Demand characteristics

A

inadvertent cues given off by the experimenter or the experimental context that provide information about how participants are expected to behave

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16
Q

Social desirability responding

A

research participants respond in ways that increase the chances that they will be viewed favourably

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17
Q

Observer expectancy effect

A

researchers expectations influence subjects behaviour

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18
Q

Placebo effect

A

a measurable and experienced improvement in health or behaviour that cannot be attributable to a medication or treatment

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19
Q

Techniques that reduce bias

A

anonymity, confidentiality, inform participants, single-blind study, and double-blind study

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20
Q

Anonymity

A

each individual’s response are recorded without any name or other personal information that could link a particular individual to specific results

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21
Q

Confidentiality

A

means the results will only be seen by the researcher

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22
Q

Inform participants

A

reduces participants anxiety and social desirability bias

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23
Q

Single-blind study

A

the participants do not know the true purpose of the study, or else do not know which type of treatment they are receiving

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24
Q

Double-blind study

A

a study in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows the exact treatment for any individual

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25
Q

Peer review

A

a process in which papers submitted for publication in scholarly journals are read and critiqued by experts in the specific field of study

26
Q

Replication

A

the process of repeating a study and finding the similar outcome each time

27
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

an individual’s story or testimony about an observation or event that is used to make a claim as evidence

28
Q

Appeal to authority

A

the belief in an “expert’s” claim even when no supporting data or scientific evidence is present

29
Q

Appeal to common sense

A

a tradition or novelty

30
Q

Types of descriptive research

A

case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys and questionnaires

31
Q

Descriptive data

A

data from observations with no attempt to explain why

32
Q

Case studies

A

In-depth reports about the details of a specific case

ex) Phineas Gage

33
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

When psychologists unobtrusively observe and record behavior as it occurs in the subjects natural environment

34
Q

Surveys and questionnaires

A

Participants make observations

35
Q

Correlational research

A

involves measuring the degree of association between 2 variables

36
Q

Correlations have…

A

direction (+ vs -) and magnitude (correlation coeeficient from -1 to +1

37
Q

Illusory correlations

A

relationships that really exist only in the mind rather than in reality

38
Q

How can variables be manipulated?

A

random assignment, experimenter control, between subjects design, within subjects design,and the quasi-experimental method

39
Q

Random assignment

A

a technique for dividing samples into two or more groups

40
Q

Experimenter control

A

variables are manipulated

41
Q

Confounding variables

A

variables outside of the researchers control that might affect the results

42
Q

Between subjects design

A

participants who are in different groups are compared

43
Q

Within-subjects design

A

all participants respond to all types of stimuli or experience all experimental conditions

44
Q

Quasi-experimental method

A

a research technique in which two or more groups that are compared are selected based on predetermined characteristics, rather than random assignment

45
Q

Ethics in psychology

A

Risks vs. benefits
Consent
Participant rights
Oversight

46
Q

Research Ethics Board (REB)

A

a committee of researchers and officials at an institution charged with the protection of human research participants

47
Q

Potential stress to participants

A

Physical stress
Cognitive and emotional stress
Mortality salience
Writing about upsetting or traumatic experiences
Stress usually minor; benefits need to outweigh risks

48
Q

Informed consent

A

A potential volunteer must be informed (know the purpose, tasks, and risks involved in the study) and give consent (agree to participate on the information provided

49
Q

What must be included to have informed consent from a participant?

A 
Topic
Nature of stimuli
Nature of tasks 
Duration 
Risks
Steps to minimize risks
50
Q

Deception

A

misleading or partially informing participants of the true topic or hypothesis under investigation

51
Q

Full Consent

A

Not participate without penalty
Given equal opportunities
Opt out anytime
Withhold responses

52
Q

Debriefing

A

means that the researchers should explain the true nature of the study, and especially the nature of and reason for deception

53
Q

When are animals used for research

A

Treatments cannot be applied to humans
Heritability studies require species with short lifespans
Examining evolutionary origins of behaviour and cognition

54
Q

Ethical treatment of animals in research

A

Given appropriate housing, feeding, and sanitation

Risk and discomfort needs to be justified and managed humanely

55
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

A set of techniques used to organize, summarize, and interpret data
Frequency
Central tendency
Variability

56
Q

Frequency

A

The number of observations that fall within a certain category or range of scores

57
Q

Central Tendency

A

a measure of the central point of distribution (mean, median, mode)

58
Q

Variability

A

The degree to which scores are dispersed in a distribution

59
Q

Standard deviation

A

a measure of variability around the mean

60
Q

Hypothesis test

A

a statistical method of evaluating whether differences among groups are meaningful, or could have been arrived at by chance alone

61
Q

Statistical significance

A

implies that the means of the groups are farther apart than you would expect them to be by random chance alone

Psychology 1200 (16 decks)

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