Unit 8 Flashcards
How many calories come from carbohydrates and protein?
4 kcal/gram
How many calories come from alcohol?
7 kcal/gramH
How many calories come from fat?
9 kcal/gram
How much energy is spent on digesting and absorb food (thermic effect of food)?
10%
How many energy goes towards basal metabolism?
60-75%
How much energy goes towards physical activities?
20%
What are factors that effect basal metabolic rate?
- Age
- height
- growth
- body composition
- fever
- stress
- environmental temperature
- fasting/starvation
- malnutrition
- thyroxine
What are the physiological influences for hunger?
- empty stomach
- gastric contractions
- absence of nutrients
- GI hormones (elevated ghrelin)
- endorphins (brains pleasure compounds)
Why do we stop eating?
- Presence of food triggers stretch receptors
- nutrients in intestine elicit satiety hormones (GLP-1, CCK)
Why do we not start eating yet?
- nutrients in blood signal brain
- as nutrients diminish, satiety diminishes and hunger develops
- hunger hormones increase (ghrelin)
How much essential fat do men and women have?
Men: 3%;
Women: 12%
What is included in essential fat?
bone marrow, central nervous sytem, internal organs
What is the accepted body fat for women?
25-31%
What is the accepted body fat for men?
18-25%
What happens when body fat % goes below a certain threshold?
infertility, develop depression, abnormal hunger regulation, unable to keep warm
In general, will fit people (athletes) have higher or lower body fat?
Lower
What does excess fat in the chest and stomach areas increase the risk for?
diabetes, heart disease and hypertension
What can be present in metabolic syndrome?
- abdominal obesity
- elevated levels of triglycerides
- low levels of HDL
- high blood pressure/hypertension
- impaired fasting glucose
What are some ways we can measure body composition?
- fat-fold measurements
- underwater weighing
- bioelectrical impedance
- DXA
