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KNES 337 > Unit 13 > Flashcards

Unit 13 Flashcards

Diabetes Now

1
Q

What are the 3 types of diabetes?

Breifly Explain

A
  1. Gestational - only during pregnacy
  2. Type 1 - typically abduptly diagnosed before 40, treat with insulin, diet and exercise
  3. Type 2 - lifestyle related, treat with weight reduction and medications
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2
Q

What are some symptoms of diabetes (when poorly controlled and untreated)?

A
  • blurred vision
  • frequent urination
  • weight loss (type 1)
  • increased susceptibility to infection
  • slow healing sores
  • extreme hunger and thirst
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3
Q

What are some health consequences of long term, poorly contolled diabetes?

A
  • heart disease and stroke
  • kidney damage (nephropathy)
  • blindness (retinopathy)
  • nerve damage (neuropathy)
  • loss of limbs due to poor circulation
  • alzheimers disease (poorly controlled type 2 diabetes)
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4
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Resistance to insulin that develops during pregnancy

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5
Q

What % of women develop gestational diabetes?

A

5-6%

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6
Q

Who are at higher risk of developing gestational diabetes?

A
  • over 35
  • women with obesity
  • from high risk group (african, arab, asian, hispanic, indigenous or south asian)
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7
Q

How can we control blood glucose levels for someone with gestational diebetes?

A
  • individualized diet and exercise plan
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8
Q

How can gestationsl diabetes affect the child?

A
  • Could be a large baby (macrosomia)
  • have blood glucose control problems after delivery
  • greater risk for diabetes later in life
  • 6-20% have a physical abnormality (cleft palate, club foot, heart defects
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9
Q

How can we reduce the reappearance of type 2 diabetes later in life?

For a mom who had gestational diabetes

A
  • exercise
  • maitenance of normal weight
  • healthy diet
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10
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

autoimmune disease that destroys pancreatic beta-cells that produce insulin (deficiency of insulin)

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11
Q

What % of all diabetes does type 1 account for?

A

5-10%

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12
Q

When does the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes peak?

A

around the ages of 11-12, usually occurs before 40

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13
Q

What can protect infants against type 1 diabetes?

A

breastfeeding for the first 4 month

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14
Q

What type of environmental factors play a role in triggering type 1 diabetes?

A
  • early exposure to cows milk proteins
  • vitamin D deficiency
  • early exposure to gluten
  • certain viruses (rubella, rotavirus, mumps, cytomegalovirus, enteroviruses)
  • gut microbiota
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15
Q

How can we manage type 1 diabetes?

A
  • insulin (injections, pump, islet transplant)
  • diet
  • exercise
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16
Q

What is the glycemic index?

A

ranks food based on how much they raise blood glucose levels

blood glucose elevation caused by 50g of food, vs elevation of blood glucose caused by eating 50g of glucose

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17
Q

What decreases blood triglyceride levels and insulin requirments in type 2 diabetes?

Glycemic index

A

low-glycemic index foods

18
Q

What food requires more insulin to move glucose into cells?

A

foods that elevate blood glucose

19
Q

Do potatoes have a low or high glycemic index?

A

High

20
Q

Do pastas/noodles have a low or high glycemic index?

A

low

21
Q

What is the GI of glucose?

GI: glycemic index

A

100

22
Q

What is the GI of french bread?

A

95

23
Q

What is the GI of rice krispies?

A

82

24
Q

What is the GI of stickey rice?

A

86

25
Q

What is the GI of all-bran?

A

42

26
Q

What is the GI of yogurt?

A

31

27
Q

What is the GI of milk?

A

25

28
Q

What is the GI of hummus?

A

6

29
Q

What is the blood glucose levels for pre-diabetes?

This is for type 2 diabetes

A

6.1-6.9 mmol/L

30
Q

Is prediabetes reversible?

A

Yes

31
Q

What is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

A

prediabetes

32
Q

What are common risk factors for insulin resistance?

A
  • obesity
  • low levels of PA
  • genetics
33
Q

How does type 2 diabetes occur?

A

When blood glucose become high, pancrease secretes more insulin to keep glucose levels under control. Pancreas becomes exahausted from over-work and insulin production slows or stops.

34
Q

What fasting blood glucose level indicates that type 2 diabetes has occured?

A

7 mmol/L or higher

35
Q

Who does type diabetes commonly affect?

A
  • people over 40 (most common), sometimes see in children and adolescents
  • individuals who are overweight or obese, or have a sedentary lifestyle
36
Q

What is a strong component of type 2 diabetes?

A

genetics

37
Q

Which diabetes is related to insulin resistance?

A

Type 2

38
Q

What body shape/type of obesity is type 2 diabetes associated with?

pear or apple

A

‘apple’ obesity

39
Q

How can we manage type 2 diabetes without medication?

A

diet and exercise
weight loss alone improves blood glucose

40
Q

Explain a proper diet that would help manage type 2 diabetes.

A
  • complex carbs including whole-grain breads and cereals and other high fibre foods, veggies, fruits, low-fat milk and meats and fish (low glycemic food)
  • healthy fats
  • regular meals and snack
  • protein at every meal, particularly bedtime

KNES 337 (32 decks)

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