Unit 11 Flashcards
Disordered Eating
What are some examples of biological risk factors for eating disorders?
- close relative with eating disorder or a mental health condition
- history of dieting
- low energy availability
- type 1 diabetes
What are some psychological risk factors for eating disorders?
- perfectionism
- cognitive inflexibility
- impulsivity
- body image dissatisfaction
- personal history of mental health condition or substance use disorder
What are some social risk factors for eating disorders?
- weight stigma
- teasing/bullying
- limited social networks
- personal experience of trauma
- acculturation
What is acculturation?
those from another culture undergoing rapid westernization
What is the disorder eating spectrum?
healthy body image –> disordered eating –> eating disorder
What is the clinical diagnosis of Anorexia?
- restriction of energy intake leading to significant low bodyweight
- intense fear of gaining weight
- disturbance in body image
What are the 2 types of anorexia? Briefly describe them.
- Restricting type (restrict calories)
- binge eating/purging
What are some features of anorexia?
- individuals typically severely restrict their food intake and may exercise intensely
- some turn to self induced vomiting after eating (or misuse of laxatives, diuretic, or enemas)
- high levels of anxiety
- are often ‘model students’ or ‘ideal children’, but they may experience low self-esteem, social isolation and unhappiness
What are some physical consequences of anorexia?
- anemia (iron defficiency)
- low bone density
- depression
- amenorrhea (no period)
- impaired immune response
sensitivity to cold (due to low body fat %) - soft, thick facial hair, thinning scalp hair
- low blood pressure
- irregular slow heart rate, loss of muscle tissue
How common is anorexia? (for women and men)
Women - 1%
Men - <0.1%
What is the age range of anorexia?
Reported in girls as young as 5 and women through their 40s
How do we treat anorexia?
it takes time and professional help. ongoing therapy is important for continued recovery
Why is treating anorexia so hard?
individuals tend not to believe that their weight needs to be increased
What do treatment programs for anorexia focus on?
- normalizing eating and exercise behaviours
- nutritional health and body weight
- psychological counselling for self-esteem
- attitudes about body weight and shape
- antidepressant or other medications
- family therapy
What is the success rate for treating anorexia?
Complete success 25-50%, partial success in other
What is the clinical diagnosis of bulimia nervosa?
- recurrent episodes of binge eating
- recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour to prevent weight gain (self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics or other medications, fasting or excessive exercise)
- these behaviours both occur on average at least once a week for 3 months
What characterizes an episode of binge eating?
- eating within any 2 hour period, amount of food that is definitely larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances
- feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating
How common is bulimia nervosa for both men and women?
Women: 1-3%
Men: 0.5%
How does bulimia nervosa often start?
with voluntary dieting to lose weight and at some point voluntary control over the dieting is lost
What are bulimia nervosa behaviours often followed by?
guilt and/or depression, purging, dieting
What are the features of bulimia nervosa?
tendency to be normal weight or overweight
Who is bulimia nervosa common among?
athletes
How do we treat bulimia nervosa?
- nutrition and counseling to break feast/famine cycles
- eating regular meals
- psychological counseling to improve self-esteem and attitudes toward body weight and shape
- antidepressants may be useful
Is full recovery of bullimia nervosa high or lower than that of anorexia?
higher
Do most women with bulimia achieve partial or full recovery?
partial
What is the relapse rate of individuals with bulimia?
1/3 relapse to binging and purging withing seven years
What is binge eating disorder associated with? And how many characteristics must be seen in order to receive a diagnosis?
- eating much more rapidly than normal
- eating until feeling uncomfortably full
- eating large amounts when not physcially hungry
- eating alone because of feeling embarssed by how much one is eating
- feeling disgusted with self, depressed or very guilty after overeating
Need to see 3 or more of these
For a diganosis of binge-eating disorder, how often does binge eating have to occur?
on average a least once a week for 3 months
Are individuals with binge-eating disorder likely to be underweight or overweight?
overweight or obese
T/F: 1/3 of individuals with binge-eating disorder are female
false, 1/3 are male
What are the characteristics of binge-eating disorder?
Individuals east several thousand calories worth of food during a solitary binge (within 2 hours), feel a lack of control over the binges, and experience distress or depression after the binges occur
What is the difference between binge-eating disorder and bullimia nervosa?
Those with binge-eating disorder do not participate in compensatory behaviours (vomitting, laxatives, exercise excessively), those with bullimia do.
T/F: 30-90% of individuals with obesity have binge-eating disorder
true
What % of people in weight control programs have binge-eating disorder?
9-30%
What % of the general population has binge-eating disorder?
2-5%
Binge-eating disorder
What are some things that prompt binging episodes?
- stress
- depression
- anger
- anxiety
- negative emotions
Is binge-eating disorder potentially related to a genetic mutation that impairs normal eating behaviour?
Yes
MC4R gene mutation found in 5% of individuals (controls appetite)
How is binge-eating disorder treated?
- treatment focuses on disordered eating and underlying psychological issue
- persons will be asked to record food intake and note feelings, circumstances and thoughts to each eating event
info identifies circumstances that prompt bings and ways to prevent it
What is Pica?
Eating non-food substance
Pica - latin word for magpie, known for their unusal eating habits
What is geophagia?
eating clay or dirt
What is pagophagia?
eating ice cubes
What are some other things indivduals with pica may eat?
- charcoal
- ash
- paper
- chalk
- cloth
- baby powder
- coffee grounds
- eggshells
Who is pica largely found in?
children and pregnant women
What is linked to pagophagia?
iron deficiency anemia, treating deficiency has been found to reduce pagophagia
