Unit 29 Flashcards
Pregnancy, breast-feeding, and infancy
What is considered low birth weight?
<2500g or 5.5 lbs
What is considered preterm?
<37 weeks of pregnancy
What weight range has the lowest mortality rate?
3000-3500 lbs (6.6 to 7.7 lb)
What is a critical period?
time when cells of a tissue or organ are genetically programmed to multiply
Can you correct for the deficiency in cells after the critical period?
No
What happens if nutirents required for cell/tissues development must be available during specific time intervals?
developping tissue has fewer cells, forms abnormally or functions poorly (eg. cleft palate from too much vit. A)
What organs crictical development begins at 2 weeks?
central nervous system (brain)
What occured with the dutch hunger winter?
women who were exposed to famine during pregnancy:
1. lower birth weight
2. offspring had an increased risk of diabetes and obesity as adults
T/F: increased susceptibility to chronic disease is programmed by energy or nutirent imbalances during pregnancy
True
Explain the developmental orgins hypothesis.
fetal tissues in critical phases make adaptations to cope with poor nutrient supply, adaptations produce changes in structure and function of tissues (permanent or long-lasting effects)
How much weight do you gain during pregnancy if you are underweight?
28-40 lbs
How much weight do you gain during pregnancy if you are normal-weight?
24-35 lbs
How much weight do you gain during pregnancy if you are overweight?
15-25 lbs
How much weight do you gain during pregnancy if you are obese?
15-20 lbs
How much weight to women carrying twins typically gain?
37-54 lbs
What contributes to weight gain during pregnancy?
- baby
- placenta
- womb
- fluid in womb
- blood
- protein and fat storgae
- body fluids
How many extra calories should you eat in the 1st trimester?
+0 kcal/day
How many extra calories should you eat in the 2nd trimester?
+340 kcal/day
How many extra calories should you eat in the 3rd trimester?
+450 kcal/day
What should you consider nutrition wise during pregnancy?
- choose nutrient dense foods
- especially folate, iron, calcium
Why is folate intake important during pregnancy?
associated with fetal growth failure and malformations and neural tube defects (spina bifida)
How much folate is needed before and during pregnancy?
600 ug
What is the most common deficiency in pregnant women?
iron deficiency
what is the DRI during pregnancy?
27 mg/day
What are some neonatal risks of iron deficiency during pregnancy?
- low birth weight
- small for gestational age
- fetal distress
- preterm birth
What are some offspring risks of iron deficiency during pregnancy?
- memory/processing disorders
- intellectual disability
- iron deficiency
What are some maternal risks of iron deficiency during pregnancy?
- preterm labor
- placental abruption
- severe postpartum hemorrhage
- preeclampsia (inc BP)
- hysterectomy
- maternal shock
- increased ICU admission
- maternal death
Why is calcium needed during pregnancy?
For mineralization of bones in the fetus
Where does calcium for the fetus come from?
mothers diet and long bones
Low calcium intake means greater calcium losses from maternal bones during pregnancy…is the calcium regained after delivery?
yes
Viatmin A and pregnancy
What does too little vitamin a lead to?
poor fetal growth
Viatmin A and pregnancy
What does too much vitamin a lead to? What is too much?
fetal malformations (facial features and heart)
too much - 10000 - 15000 IU of retinol daily
What shoudl you limit vitamin A intake to during pregncy and what should you avoid?
5000 IU/day, avoid vitamin A containing medications
Is beta-carotene harmful during pregnancy?
no
What does a lack of vitamin d during pregnancy cause?
compromises fetal growth and development
Who may be at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy?
vegan women
What is the recommended intake of vitamin D for pregnant women? What shouldn’t it exceed?
recommended - 600 IU
dont exceed - 4000 IU
What supplements are recommended for all pregnant women?
iron and folate
What is recommended for pregnant women who do not consume an adequate diet such and for high-risk categories?
multivitamins
what % of pregnant women take multiple vitamin and mineral supplements?
83%
What are some nutrition related concerns during pregnancy?
- nausea/morning sickness
- constipation and hemmorrhoids
- heartburn
What can help with nausea/morning sickness?
- get up slowly in the morning
- eat dry toast or crackers
- chew gum or suck hard candies
- eat small frequent meals
- avoid foods with offensive odors
- when nauseated do not drink citrus juice, water, milk, coffee or tea
What can help with constipation and hemmorrhoids?
fiber, exercise, liquids
What can help with heartburns?
- relax and eat slowly
- eat small, frquent meals
- drink liquids between meals
- avoid spicy or greasy foods
- elevate head while sleeping
- wait an hour after eating before lying down
What are some high-risk pregnancy factors?
- maternal weight before pregnancy
- maternal wight gain during pregnanacy
- maternal nutrition
- socioeconomic status
- lifestyle habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs)
- age
- previous pregnanacies
- maternal health
What is considered a geriatric pregnancy?
35
T/F: infants quadruple birthweight by 1 year
false, triple
T/F: length increases by 70% in first year
false, 50%
Hwat is the heart rate, respiration rate and energy needs of infants?
HR - 120-140 bpm
Respiration rate - 20-40 breaths/min
energy needs - 100 kcal/kg
What is the fat composition of breats milk? Recommended adult diets?
breats milk - 55%
recommended adult diets: 30%
When should you introduce cows milk?
9-12 months
When should you intoduce solid foods?
typically at 6 months, progress to family foods by 12 months
Do new recommendations surrounding when to introduce food dictate an order?
No
