Unit 26 Flashcards
Nutrient-gene interactions
What are some diseases related to single-gene defects?
- PKU (phenylketonuria)
- cystic fibrosis
- sickle cell anemia
- hemochromatosis (build up of blood iron levels)
What are 4 things caused by polygenic defects?
- heart disease
- cancer
- hypertension
- obesity
What are some causes of heart disease?
- high cholesterol diets –> plaque in some people
- diets low in folate and vegetables increases risk
T/F: most types of cancer are caused by the environment
What causes hypertension?
salt sensitivty or salt resistant – eating too much salt usually increases BP but not in everyone
How many genes are associated with development?
> 250
What is celiac disease?
autoimmune disease that damages the small intestine
people with celiac have an immune reaction to gluten
where is gluten found?
wheat, barley, rye
What part of the immune system is attacked and destroyed?
the villi
What is the genetic link with celiac disease?
celiac disease occurs in genetically predisposed people
- HLA genes (human leukocyte antigen), responsible for how the immune system distinguishes between body’s protein and foreign proteins
What is seen in 99% of people with celiac disease and 60% with non-celiac gluten sensitivty?
DQ2 or DQ8 risk version of HLA (but 30% of the general population also have this variation)
What are symptoms of celiac disease?
- headache
- fatigue
- abdominal pain and bloating after consuming product with gluten
- weight loss
- diarrhea
- constipation
- foul-smelling stools
What percent of the canadian population is affected by celiac disease?
1%
What is the chance of a family getting celiac if a 1st degree relative has celiac?
1 in 10 chance
What does testing involve for celiac?
- blood test: tTG-IgA (tissue transglutaminase antibodies) – must be on glutain containing diet
- small intestine biopsy
- genetic screening
What is celiac commonly misdiagnosed as?
- IBS
- Crohn’s disease
What occurs with gluten sensitivity?
People develop symptoms when they consume gluten-containing foods but feel better on a gluten-free diet but do NOT have a celiac disease
Are they antibodies for diagnosis of gluten sensitivity?
no, antibodies (TTG, EMA, DGP) are absent
Does gluten sensitivity cause villous atrophy?
no
What might be the cause of gluten sensitivity?
Other compounds in wheat, barley and rye (rpoteins called amylase/trypsin inhibitors or fermentable carbohydrates)
What is nutrigenetics?
study of how genes and diet interact to increase or decrease someones risk for disease
gene x environment interactions
plays a role in personalized nutrition
What sample do you need for nutrigenetics?
Saliva
Is food selection influenced by genetics?
food preferences are largely learned but there are 80 genes that help taste bitter foods
What is the furture of nutrigenetics?
individualized dietary prescriptions (complete profile with genetic risks, gut microbiota profiles etc)
