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KNES 337 > Unit 15 > Flashcards

Unit 15 Flashcards

Protein and Amino Acids

1
Q

Can the body produce enough essential amino acids?

A

No

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2
Q

What happens if a cell is building protein and cannot find a needed aa?

aa - amino acid

A

synthesis stops

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3
Q

T/F: we cannot produce non-essential aa?

A

false

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4
Q

How many total amino acids are there?

A

20

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5
Q

How many NEAA are there?

A

11

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6
Q

How many EAA are there?

A

9

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7
Q

Do all proteins have a quarternary structure?

A

No, only some (hemoglobin, DNA polymerase, ion channels)

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8
Q

What can cause proteins to denature?

A
  • heat
  • acids
  • basses
  • alcohol
  • heavy metals
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9
Q

Why is it good that protein can denature?

A

allows stomach acid to open protein structure for digestion

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10
Q

T/F: cooking things like egg whites, denatures the protein

A

true

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11
Q

T/F: fevers cannot denature body proteins

A

false, they can

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12
Q

How are the toxic effects of heavy metals, such as mercury, produced?

A

protein precipitation, enzyme inhibition and generalized corrosive action - all toxic effects

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13
Q

What do HCI and pepsin do to protein in the stomach?

A

HCI - denatures proteins and converts pesinogen to pepsin
Pepsin - cleaves large polypeptides into smaller polypeptides

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14
Q

How are proteins further digested in the SI?

A
  • pancreatic protease breaks polypeptides into di- and tripeptides and some amino acids
  • intestinal di- and tri-peptidases complete the break down of peptides into amino acids
  • once in enterocyte, di-/tri-peptides are broken down into free amino acids which are absorbed into the blood stream
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15
Q

What are the 3 main functions of proteins in our body?

A
  1. building materials - muscle, fetus, scar tissue, RBC, intestinal cells
  2. maintenance of osmotic pressure
  3. synthesis of substances - hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes, hormones, plasma, proteins, coagulation factors
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16
Q

Can protein provide energy?

A

Yes!

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17
Q

How many calories come from protein?

A

4 kcal/gram

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18
Q

How does protein differ from carbohydrate and fat?

A

contains nitrogen that can be used for protein formation or is excreted as urea by kidney if extra

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19
Q

T/F: protein can be stored like glucose is stored as glycogen

A

false, protein cannot be stored

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20
Q

Can amino acids be converted into glucose?

A

Yes, certain ones

When blood glucose levels are low and no other available glucose or glycogen, body will break down protein stores (like muscle) to replensih blood glucose

Called gluconeogenic amino acids

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21
Q

What is the most digestible dietary protein? The least?

A

Animal protein >90%
legume protein - 80%
grains and other plants - 60-90%

22
Q

What determines protein quality?

A

EAA limit protein sythesis, if missing some EAA’s not as good of a protein

23
Q

What is a complete protein?

A

contains all essential amino acids in amounts to sustain protein formation in body

24
Q

What is incomplete protein?

A

lacks 1 or more of the essential amino acids

25
Q

List some complete proteins.

A

Animal derived proteins (majority)
- meat
- fish
- poultry
- cheese
- eggs
- milk
- many soybean products

quinoa falls very close but falls short of lysine requirements

26
Q

List some incomplete proteins.

A

Most plants
- cereals
- beans
- nuts
- seeds

27
Q

Why do incomplete proteins have lower nutritional quality?

A

Due to low levels of select EAA’s and presence of antinutritional factors such as protease inhibiotrs that decrease protein digestibility

28
Q

What a.a do grains not contain enough of?

A

lysine

29
Q

What a.a do legumes not contain enough of?

A

methionine

30
Q

What are complementary proteins?

A

Grains and legumes together
All essential a.a’s are present making in a complete protein

31
Q

How much protein does a sedentary person need?

measured in g/kg BW

A

0.8

32
Q

Who needs 2.2 g/kg of protein?

A

Infants up to 6 months

33
Q

Who needs 1.2-1.4 g/kg of protein?

A

Strength-trained people who are maintaining

34
Q

How much protein does a strength-trained and gaining individual need?

measured in g/kg BW

A

1.6-1.8

35
Q

How much protein does a endurance trainined individual need?

measured in g/kg BW

A

1.2-1.4

36
Q

How much protein does a infant need?

measured in g/kg BW

A

1.2

37
Q

Who needs a positive nitrogen balance (retaining more than excreting)?

A
  • growing child
  • pregnant women
  • person building muscle
38
Q

Is a normal individual in a + nitrogen balance, - nitrogen balance or a nitrogen equilibrium?

A

Equilibrium

39
Q

Are trauma patients and astronauts in a + or - nitrogen balance (lose more than we take in)?

A

negative

40
Q

Rank the following most to least protein.
- greek yogurt
- milk
- egg
- lentils
- Peanut butter
- chicken

A
  1. chicken
  2. milk
  3. greek yogurt
  4. egg
  5. lentils
  6. peanut butter
41
Q

Are individual a.a found naturally in foods?

A

No, we eat proetin which gets broken down into individual a.a

42
Q

What are some negative effects of individual a.a supplements?

A
  • contamination
  • interfere with absoprtion of other EAA (all a.a use same transporter)
  • excess consumption of methionine has many negative effects
43
Q

What are some negetive effects of excess intake of methionine?

A
  • worsens symptoms of schizophrenia
  • promotes hardening of arteries
  • impairs fetal and infant development
  • leads to nausea, vomiting, bad breath and constipation
44
Q

How can individual a.a supplements be used in sports?

A

glutamine and branched chain amino acids may have some performance benefits

45
Q

What is milk protein made up of?

A

20% whey + 80% casein

46
Q

What are some benefits of whey protein?

A
  • immune enhancing properties
  • low in fat and nutrient dense
  • can improve body composition (accelerates recover, decreases muscle soreness, increases muscle strength and size)
47
Q

Can eating protein alone increase muscle size?

A

No, extra strength training is what leads to muscle growth however sufficient protein is needed

48
Q

What is kwashiorkor disease?

A

severe form of protein deficiency seen in children

49
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of kwashiorkor?

A
  • swealling in arms, legs and stomach
  • moon face (edema)
  • patchy dermatitis (from zinc deficiency)
50
Q

What is marasmus disease?

A

Protein and calorie deficiency

maramus = more (protein + calories)

51
Q

What are the issues with consuming too much protein?

A
  • protein rich foods are often high fat foods (saturated)
    excessive red meat linked to colon cancer
  • Calcium : protein ratio
    20 :1 is good, but majority if 9:1 (high protein intake increases Ca loss in the urine
  • dehydration
    burdens the kidney to excrete excess nitrogen (kidneys usally adapt if kidneys are healthy)
52
Q

What is the ideal calcium:protein ratio? What is it actually?

A

Good - 20 : 1
Actual - 9 : 1

KNES 337 (32 decks)

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