Unit 7 (Motivation, Emotion, Stress/Health) Flashcards
Intrinsic Motivation
motivation from within
extrinsic motivation
motivation from outside sources
instinct/evolutionary motivational theory
motivated by fear, anger, love, shame, and cleanliness
behavior is driven by instincts
Ex. the rooting behavior in infants
fail ex. skydiving
drive reduction motivational theory
we are motivated by biological needs and our want to satisfy them
ex. when you are hungry and don’t have food readily available, you go make food to satisfy the biological need of hunger
fail ex. secondary motives like doing something to gain money and power
what is drive
the state of tension when a biological need is not met (when your hungry, tired, etc)
what is homeostasis
a balanced internal state of equilibrium
what motivational theory is related to clark hull?
drive reduction
incentive motivational theory
we are motivated by primary and or secondary incentives
ex. being motivated to eat because you are hungry or being motivated to work because you need money
what is a primary incentive?
innate, bodily needs
secondary incentives
motivators based on on social experiences, could be something as simple as a sticker or candy or as elaborate as money or power
what motivational theory is related to b.f. skinner?
incentive
self-determination motivational theory
states that people are motivated by 3 basic needs:
- autonomy
- need for independence and self direction - competence
- need to feel like you can do things successfully - relatedness
- need for social satisfaction
ex. going off to college:
- leaving the house: Independence
-academic success: Competence
-having a roommate and making friends: Relatedness
fail ex. the “gut feeling” you have like randomly deciding to go another route on the way home
what motivational theory are Ed Deci and Richard Ryan related to?
self determination
optimal arousal theory
people are motivated by their want to reach their arousal l threshold. Some people are sensation seeking
ex. after a party someone may be motivated to go home and read a book in order to lower their level of arousal back to equilibrium
fail ex. a high arousal person may choose to stay home and take a bath instead of going to a party because they have a big game the next day
what is sensation seeking? (Zuckerman)
people are motivated by a need to reach a threshold of more exciting or risky behaviors or experiences therefore reducing or increasing arousal in order to reach equilibrium
optimal arousal theory pt 2. yerkes dodson law
ydl- the empirical relationship between arousal and performance
states that higher arousal is needed for easy tasks and lower arousal is needed for harder tasks
the humanistic theory
maslows hierarchy of needs, our needs are all ranks and the lower tiered needs have to be fulfilled first before any of the higher needs can be fulfilled
maslows hierarchy of needs
(bottom to top)
physiological- food, water, shelter, sleep
safety- the need to feel that the world is organized and predictable
belongingness- the need to feel loved, belonged and accepted
esteem- the need for self esteem, competition, recognition, competence, and independence
self-actualization- the need to live up to your full potential
fail ex. any type of disorder like sleep or eating
what is self efficacy?
the belief in your ability to succeed at a task
what category of maslows pyramid does self efficacy fall?
esteem
what is the relationship between self efficacy and motivation
high efficacy-high motivation
low efficacy- low motivation
who is related to self efficacy?
bandura
Major hunger studies
Ancel Key’s Starvation experiment and Walter Cannon and AL Washburn balloon study
Ancel Keys Starvation Experiment
- studied semi starvation
- took war and military volunteers they fed all of the men normally for 3 months and then they halved the intake for 36 of the men
outcome: the 36 men became listless and apatheic,, their body weights then stabilized at 25% below their starting body weight
Washburn/ Cannon balloon experiment
washburn swallowed a balloon with a microphone, the balloon was inflated and recorded stomach contractions, washburn clicked a key everytime he felt a hunger pang.
outcome: the balloon deduced that whenever washburn clicked the key he was infact havigna a stomach contraction
what is glucose
a form of sugar that circulates in the blood,, provides energy for the muscles
set point model
the point at which your weight thermostat may be set, when your body falls below this weight increased hunger and slowed metabolism may occur in order to restore the lost weight
basal metabolic rate
the bodys resting rate of energy output
ghrelin
hormone secreted by empty stomach,, sends ‘im hungry signals’ to the brain
orexin
hunger triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
leptin
protein hormone secreted by fat cells, when abundant it causes a metabolism increase and hunger decrease
insulin
hormone secreted by the pancreas, controls blood glucose
lateral hypothalamus
Links Coordinated Food Intake Control and Arousal,, key role in the regulation of ingestive behavior
ventromedial hypothalamus
a core structure underlying the generation of affective behaviors to threats and receives nociceptive inputs
what are the situational influences on hunger
- arousing appetite- watching or doing something that arouses appetite
- friends and food - you eat more with others around
- serving size- people eat to their serving
- selections stimulate- more variety causes people to eat more
- nudging nutrition- offering healthy options first is usually encouraging
what are the 2 major turning points for changes in sexual motivation
puberty- development of sex characteristics and peaked sexual interest
laterlife- sex hormones fall, women go thru menopause, sex remains a part of life but not as important or prevalent
what is the other event that could change sexual motivation
surgery or drugs- they can mess with testosterone levels
Masters and Johnsons sexual response cycle
- excitement
- plateau
- orgasm
4 resolution
what is the refractory period
the period of time in which men cannot reach another orgasm
what are the 3 adverse effects of viewing sexually explicit material?
- believing rape is acceptable- women are shown being forced into sexual situations and they are shown enjoying it
- reducing satisfaction in partners appearance- after watching very attractive people viewers see their partners as less than
- desensitization- overexposure leads to less drive or erectile problems
how do estrogen and testosterone effect sexual motivation?
estrogen peaks at ovulation and it controls or promotes sexual receptivity,, testosterone promotes energy and sex drive
what are the components of emotion?
- physiological response
- expressive behavior
- conscious experience -past experiences
what are the basic emotions
fear, anger, disgust, contempt, surprise, sadness, joy
what is the “high road”
fear stimulus –> thalamus –> sensory cortex –> prefrontal cortex –> amygdala –> response
what is the “low road”
fear stimulus –> thalamus –> amygdala –> response (this is seen as the natural response
what did paul eckmans research discover?
there are 7 universal emotions (prev. listed) that are universally recognized,, discovered that emotions are innate
what is the facial feedback effect
facial muscles don’t just tell someone how you are feeling outwardly, but they also tell you internally how you are feeling
emotions and lying
everyone shows emotion and when you’re lying your true emotions usually show
microexpressions
fleeting facial expressions of underlying emotions
james lange theory of emotion
- Perceive Stimulus –> Physiological Change –> 3. Emotions
- I am afraid because I am shaking
- the physical change comes before the actual emotion
Problem: the SNS has binary conditions so it cannot tell the difference between two emotions
ex.) getting ready to present a project and you get shaky and then you decide that you are nervous
cannon-bard theory of emotion
- Perceive stimulus –> 2. Physiological change and emotion happen at the same time
ex. ) opening a present and getting happy and smiling at the same time when you see what’s inside
schacter-Singer two factor theory of emotion
emotion=the interaction of physiological response and cognitive labeling,, believes that they influence each other
- timing does not matter, but both must occur to create emotion, our physical response and thoughts together create emotion
ex. ) you smile because you are happy and you are happy because you are smiling
Lazarus’s cognitive mediational theory of emotion
event –> appraisal –> emotional response=cognitive label of emotion based on context
- we analyze events and then choose our response accordingly
ex. ) you hear a loud noise downstairs. You appraise the event and then decide yes scared response is justified or no scared response is justified
Zajoc/LeDoux emotional theory
stimulus and SNS reaction = emotion
- what you feel is your emotion
ex. ) you automatically get startled by a loud noise even before you classify it as a threat
Opponent process emotional theory
experiencing one emotion can elicit the response of the opposite emotion
ex.) the more you experience an emotion the less intense it gets
what is stress?
the process by which we respond to certain events we see as challenging or threatening
what are some benefits of stress
if short lived, or only challenging it can give motivation and help the body fight off infection
what are some harms of stress
extreme or prolonged stress can cause harm by exposing us to health risks such as chronic disease
health psychology
the study of how mental, emotional, and social factors affect well being
what part of the nervous system is active during the stress response
the sympathetic nervous system (SNS puts the s in stress)
what are the two theories of stress
Life changes and Daily Hassles
Life Changes Stress Theory
(Holmes and Rahe) The social readjustment rating scale: measures stress levels as a result of major life events. Higher scores = more problems. it can even include happy events
positive stressor: graduation
negative stressor: death of a family member
daily hassles stress theory
(Lazarus) the idea that events don’t have to remake our lives to cause stress, but rather daily hassles can be a main source of stress
ex.) going to school, traffic, homework, errands
approach-approach conflict theory
conflict in which one makes a choice between two desirable options
-lowest level of stress
avoidance-avoidance conflict theory
conflict in which one makes a choice between two undesirable options
-medium level of stress
approach-avoidance conflict theory
choice between two complex options, each with possible desirable and or undesirable options
-highest level of stress
type A person
very ambitious, organized, impatient
type B person
works steadily, enjoy achievement, don’t become stressed when not achieving, creative
explanatory style
(seligman) learned helplessness
asked: how can we deal with negative stressors better?
optimistic explanatory style
- external- not my fault
- unstable- can be changed
- specific- just one instance
pessimistic explanatory style
- internal- it was my fault
- stable- always will be bad
- global- pattern of bad luck in my life
general adaptation syndrome
alarm- awareness of situation ex) find out you have a test
resistance- actively coping with the stressor ex) stay up all noght losing sleep to study for the test
exhaustion- done with stressor ex) go home after test and take a nap
“tend and befriend” coping method
venting, desire for comfort, not needing advice but just spilling tension, comparing stress with others (most common for women)
“fight or flight” coping method
pick fights, combative, relationship tension, put problems on others or seek isolation (most common for men)
