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AP Psychology > Unit 6 Development and Language > Flashcards

Unit 6 Development and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

genotype

A

a set of genes that a person carries (cannot be seen but are there)

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2
Q

dominant trait

A

if passed a long, is expressed in phenotype but only is needed from one parent

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3
Q

recessive trait

A

if passed along, is expressed in phenotype, but is needed from both parents

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4
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics (can be impacted by your genotype or by your environment) (are visible)

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5
Q

stages of prenatal development

A

zygotic,, embryonic,, fetal

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6
Q

zygotic period

A

1st two weeks

period from conception until about 2 weeks in which the zygote experiences rapid cell division and the beginning of specialization

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7
Q

embryonic period

A

2 weeks after conception

heartbeat, brainstem, spinal chord, and organs

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8
Q

teratogens

A

chemicals and viruses that can pass the placenta and harm the embryo or fetus
ex. alcohol, caffeine, other drugs

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9
Q

fetal period

A

9 weeks to birth

sex organs develop at 12-13 weeks, the lungs and heart develop at 36 weeks

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10
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

most common type of teratogen when the mother rinks alcohol and the child has physical and cognitive delay

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11
Q

infant reflexes and development

A

rooting,sucking,grasping reflex,, babinski reflex,, and moro reflex

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12
Q

rooting, sucking, grasping reflex

A

the baby will turn their head and open their mouth to follow and root in the direction of food,, when you touch the roof of mouth of the baby the baby will suck, and when you touch the palm then the baby will grasp (hence the name)

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13
Q

the babinski relex

A

B=bottom of foot
occurs after the sole of the babies foot has been firmly stroked the big toe them moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot

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14
Q

moro reflex

A

often called the startle reflex, bc it usually occurs when the baby is startled by a loud noise or movement. In response to the sound the baby throws out their head, extends arms and legs, cries, and then pulls their arms and legs back in
(2 months old)

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15
Q

infantile amnesia

A

the inability to remember things bc the limbic system is not developed

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16
Q

synaptic pruning

A

the brains ability to make neural connections and then condense them to make the connections more efficient

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17
Q

infant temperaments

A

easy,, difficult,, slow to warm up,, and average

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18
Q

Piagets philosophy of development

A

children are “little scientists” bc everyday kids experiment with the world around them and they learn through it

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19
Q

schema

A

a concept of framework that organizes and interprets change info.

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20
Q

accomodation

A

C=change
adapting our current understandings to incorporate new info
ex. toddler accommodates her schema for 4 leg furry animals distinguishing dogs and cats

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21
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing info
ex. toddler sees a cat and calls it a dog bc she is trying to assimilate it into an existing schema

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22
Q

Piagets stages of development

A

sensorimotor,, preoperational,, concrete operational,, formal operational

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23
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years old
child experiments with senses and actions (exposed to touch)
Child Shows: Stranger Anxiety
-apprehension and difficulties around new people
Child Gains: Object Permanence
-infant knows that an obj. is there even when they cannot see it (peek-a-boo)

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24
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-7 years old
the symbolic thinking and pretend play, initiative, and reasoning
Child Shows: egocentrism, centration, overgeneralization, animism/artificialism
Child Gains: theory of mind

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25
Q

ego centrism

A

can only see something from your point of view and cannot visualize or understand anyone else’s perspective

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26
Q

centration

A

does not have the ability to focus on multiple aspects of an issue (the water in the taller glass automatically has more water in it)

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27
Q

overgeneralization

A

occurs when a child uses the wrong word to name an object and is often observed in early stages of word learning

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28
Q

animism

A

the belief that inanimate objects have human feelings and intentions

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29
Q

theory of mind

A

the ability to attribute mental states, beliefs, intents, and desires to ourselves and others (understanding that everyone has different knowledge)

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30
Q

concrete operational stage

A

7-11 years old
logical deductive thought about concrete events and hierarchical classes.
child shows: conservation and reversibility

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31
Q

conservation

A

ability to overcome centrism and understand values and order

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32
Q

reversibility

A

the mental operation that reverses a sequence of events of restores a changed state if affairs to the original condition

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33
Q

formal operational stage

A

12-adult
develop abstract reasoning, hypothetical thought, consideration of events
child gains: abstract logic

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34
Q

what are some critiques of piagets theory

A

ignores the impact of socialization and culture, and it assumes that the child is acing without help

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35
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

social>physical exploration,, came up with the zone of proximal development

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36
Q

zone of proximal development

A

cognitive abilities that are beyond what you already know, but within reach (reaching your max potential)

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37
Q

scaffolding

A

refers to tools that help you learn with the ZPD,, similarities to shaping (one end goal),, has multiple goals that build upon each other

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38
Q

attachment

A

An emotional tie with another person- usually those who are comfortable and familiar (major in infancy) shown thru separation anxiety, and showing closeness to caregivers.

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39
Q

konrad lorenz theory of imprinting

A

process by which animals form strong attachment to the 1st moving thing

40
Q

Harry Harlows body contact study

A

Monkeys raised w/ both a soft, cloth mother and a wire mother preferred the soft mother even though the wire mother provided food
(Contact comfort theory)

41
Q

Mary Ainsworths strange situation test

A

Observed mothers and infants at home and in a lab play room to study attachment styles

42
Q

Secure attachment

A

The child is happy, they explore their environment in their moms presence. But they are distressed when the mother leaves. They seek contact when the mother returns

43
Q

Insecure (anxious) attachment

A

Cling to mother, less likely to explore upset when mom leaves, difficult to console

44
Q

Avoidant or Ambivalent attachment

A

Mixed feelings, doesn’t really care if mother is there or if she leaves. Will even stay away from mother in some situations

45
Q

Self concept

A

Understanding and assessing ourselves as human beings (babies looking in the mirror and recognizing that it who they are)

46
Q

Authoritative parenting style

A

High communication and high suppport

47
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

Low communication and low support

48
Q

Permissive indulgent parenting

A

No standards and high support and love

49
Q

Permissive neglectful parenting

A

No standards and no love

50
Q

Erik eriksons development model

A

Psychosocial development

51
Q

Trust v mistrust

A

Birth to 18 mo
Feeding and hope
Can I trust the people around me?

52
Q

Autonomy v doubt

A

18 mo to 2/3
Potty training and will
Can I do things for myself, or am I reliant on others?

53
Q

Initiative v. Guilt

A

3 to 5
Purpose and exploration/play
Am I good or bad?

54
Q

Industry v. Inferiority

A

6 to 11
Competence and school
How can I be good?

55
Q

Identity v. Identity confusion

A

12 to 18
Social relationships and fidelity
What are my values and goals? Who am I? What do I want to pursue?

56
Q

Intimacy v. Isolation

A

19 to 40
Romantic relationships and love
Will I be loved or will I be alone?

57
Q

Generativity v. Stagnation

A

40 to 65
Care, parenthood, and work
How can I contribute to the world

58
Q

Integrity v. Despair

A

65 to death
Wisdom and reflecting back on life
Did I live a meaningful life

59
Q

Kohlbergs development model

A

Moral development

60
Q

Preconventional stage

A

0-4 yo

  • punishment and obedience,, what is right avoids punishment
  • interpersonal exchange,, what is fair

Fueled by external consequences

61
Q

Conventional stage

A

5-12 yo

  • social approval,, what is socially acceptable is right
  • preservation of order/societal structure,, obey a rule because you are glad the rule exists

Conformity, roles, and rules

62
Q

Post conventional

A

13-adult

  • legal principles/social contract,, follow your morals but not necessarily the rules
  • universal ethical principles, broader concepts of moral beliefs

Fairness, justice, and individual rights

63
Q

Hienz dilemma

A

A story used for moral reasoning

64
Q

Gillian’s critique of kohlberg

A

There are gender differences and ethics of care

The way you morally reason is based on how you were socially taught to

65
Q

Maturation

A

Physical changes that occur as you age (childhood-adulthood)
Ie) hair color,, height,, weight

66
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

20s-30s
Brain is fully formed (frontal lobe) and there is decreased brain plasticity. Not a lot of cognitive or physical changes happen

67
Q

Middle adulthood

A

(30s-50s)
Physical changes: grey hair,, more brittle bones,, menopause in women
Cognitive changes: fluid intelligence peaks,, dementia

68
Q

Dementia

A

Loss of cognitive abilities, usually memory 1st,, degeneration of cells throughout the brain (Alzheimer’s)

69
Q

late adulthood

A

activity theory of aging and the stages of grief

70
Q

the activity theory of aging

A

people should try to maintain their lifestyle as much into old age as possible to prevent much mental decline

71
Q

the stages of grief and or dying:

A 
DABDA
Denial
Anger
Bargaining 
Depression
Acceptance
72
Q

what are the critiques of the Kubler-Ross’s stages of grief?

A

people can experience the stages in different orders and for different times

73
Q

phoneme

A

smallest unit of speech- single/groups of letters that make noise, but do not have meaning

74
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest meaningful unit of language (prefix or suffix)

75
Q

grammar

A

the organizational principles of language

76
Q

semantics

A

the meaning of language in a context (base v. base)

77
Q

pragmatics

A

having social intelligence in a social context

78
Q

syntax

A

the structure of a sentence

79
Q

language development at 0-4 months

A

random sounds

80
Q

lang. development at 4-10 months

A

babbling stage: repeat the most commonly heard sounds

81
Q

lang. development at 12-24 months

A

one word stage: using single words with meaning

82
Q

lang. development at 24 months

A

two word stage: use two connected words with meaning
and
telegraphic speech: first stage of grammar

83
Q

language development at 24 months and on

A

rapid language development

84
Q

what is the critical period?

A

the time at which children have the highest capacity to learn linguistics (0-7 years old ish)

85
Q

motherese

A

the universal tone/language that mothers use to talk to their babies

86
Q

multilingualism

A

children unconsciously categorize the different phonemes from different languages

87
Q

can animals have language

A

yes

88
Q

noam chomsky

A

linguistics and political philosopher,, favors the critical period theory

89
Q

universal grammar

A

the idea that humans are genetically predisposed the the development of language

90
Q

language determinism (Benjamin Lee Whorf)

A

language influences what people think, language determines what you can think

91
Q

linguistic interference

A

although language plays a part in our world view, it is not the sole factor

92
Q

diana baumrind

A

parenting style

93
Q

carol gilligan

A

criticized kohlberg: gender differences and social moral learning

94
Q

konrad lorenz

A

theory of imprinting

95
Q

Benjamin lee whorf

A

linguistic determinism

AP Psychology (23 decks)

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