Unit 6 Development and Language Flashcards
genotype
a set of genes that a person carries (cannot be seen but are there)
dominant trait
if passed a long, is expressed in phenotype but only is needed from one parent
recessive trait
if passed along, is expressed in phenotype, but is needed from both parents
phenotype
physical characteristics (can be impacted by your genotype or by your environment) (are visible)
stages of prenatal development
zygotic,, embryonic,, fetal
zygotic period
1st two weeks
period from conception until about 2 weeks in which the zygote experiences rapid cell division and the beginning of specialization
embryonic period
2 weeks after conception
heartbeat, brainstem, spinal chord, and organs
teratogens
chemicals and viruses that can pass the placenta and harm the embryo or fetus
ex. alcohol, caffeine, other drugs
fetal period
9 weeks to birth
sex organs develop at 12-13 weeks, the lungs and heart develop at 36 weeks
fetal alcohol syndrome
most common type of teratogen when the mother rinks alcohol and the child has physical and cognitive delay
infant reflexes and development
rooting,sucking,grasping reflex,, babinski reflex,, and moro reflex
rooting, sucking, grasping reflex
the baby will turn their head and open their mouth to follow and root in the direction of food,, when you touch the roof of mouth of the baby the baby will suck, and when you touch the palm then the baby will grasp (hence the name)
the babinski relex
B=bottom of foot
occurs after the sole of the babies foot has been firmly stroked the big toe them moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot
moro reflex
often called the startle reflex, bc it usually occurs when the baby is startled by a loud noise or movement. In response to the sound the baby throws out their head, extends arms and legs, cries, and then pulls their arms and legs back in
(2 months old)
infantile amnesia
the inability to remember things bc the limbic system is not developed
synaptic pruning
the brains ability to make neural connections and then condense them to make the connections more efficient
infant temperaments
easy,, difficult,, slow to warm up,, and average
Piagets philosophy of development
children are “little scientists” bc everyday kids experiment with the world around them and they learn through it
schema
a concept of framework that organizes and interprets change info.
accomodation
C=change
adapting our current understandings to incorporate new info
ex. toddler accommodates her schema for 4 leg furry animals distinguishing dogs and cats
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing info
ex. toddler sees a cat and calls it a dog bc she is trying to assimilate it into an existing schema
Piagets stages of development
sensorimotor,, preoperational,, concrete operational,, formal operational
sensorimotor stage
0-2 years old
child experiments with senses and actions (exposed to touch)
Child Shows: Stranger Anxiety
-apprehension and difficulties around new people
Child Gains: Object Permanence
-infant knows that an obj. is there even when they cannot see it (peek-a-boo)
preoperational stage
2-7 years old
the symbolic thinking and pretend play, initiative, and reasoning
Child Shows: egocentrism, centration, overgeneralization, animism/artificialism
Child Gains: theory of mind
ego centrism
can only see something from your point of view and cannot visualize or understand anyone else’s perspective
centration
does not have the ability to focus on multiple aspects of an issue (the water in the taller glass automatically has more water in it)
overgeneralization
occurs when a child uses the wrong word to name an object and is often observed in early stages of word learning
animism
the belief that inanimate objects have human feelings and intentions
theory of mind
the ability to attribute mental states, beliefs, intents, and desires to ourselves and others (understanding that everyone has different knowledge)
concrete operational stage
7-11 years old
logical deductive thought about concrete events and hierarchical classes.
child shows: conservation and reversibility
conservation
ability to overcome centrism and understand values and order
reversibility
the mental operation that reverses a sequence of events of restores a changed state if affairs to the original condition
formal operational stage
12-adult
develop abstract reasoning, hypothetical thought, consideration of events
child gains: abstract logic
what are some critiques of piagets theory
ignores the impact of socialization and culture, and it assumes that the child is acing without help
Lev Vygotsky
social>physical exploration,, came up with the zone of proximal development
zone of proximal development
cognitive abilities that are beyond what you already know, but within reach (reaching your max potential)
scaffolding
refers to tools that help you learn with the ZPD,, similarities to shaping (one end goal),, has multiple goals that build upon each other
attachment
An emotional tie with another person- usually those who are comfortable and familiar (major in infancy) shown thru separation anxiety, and showing closeness to caregivers.
konrad lorenz theory of imprinting
process by which animals form strong attachment to the 1st moving thing
Harry Harlows body contact study
Monkeys raised w/ both a soft, cloth mother and a wire mother preferred the soft mother even though the wire mother provided food
(Contact comfort theory)
Mary Ainsworths strange situation test
Observed mothers and infants at home and in a lab play room to study attachment styles
Secure attachment
The child is happy, they explore their environment in their moms presence. But they are distressed when the mother leaves. They seek contact when the mother returns
Insecure (anxious) attachment
Cling to mother, less likely to explore upset when mom leaves, difficult to console
Avoidant or Ambivalent attachment
Mixed feelings, doesn’t really care if mother is there or if she leaves. Will even stay away from mother in some situations
Self concept
Understanding and assessing ourselves as human beings (babies looking in the mirror and recognizing that it who they are)
Authoritative parenting style
High communication and high suppport
Authoritarian parenting
Low communication and low support
Permissive indulgent parenting
No standards and high support and love
Permissive neglectful parenting
No standards and no love
Erik eriksons development model
Psychosocial development
Trust v mistrust
Birth to 18 mo
Feeding and hope
Can I trust the people around me?
Autonomy v doubt
18 mo to 2/3
Potty training and will
Can I do things for myself, or am I reliant on others?
Initiative v. Guilt
3 to 5
Purpose and exploration/play
Am I good or bad?
Industry v. Inferiority
6 to 11
Competence and school
How can I be good?
Identity v. Identity confusion
12 to 18
Social relationships and fidelity
What are my values and goals? Who am I? What do I want to pursue?
Intimacy v. Isolation
19 to 40
Romantic relationships and love
Will I be loved or will I be alone?
Generativity v. Stagnation
40 to 65
Care, parenthood, and work
How can I contribute to the world
Integrity v. Despair
65 to death
Wisdom and reflecting back on life
Did I live a meaningful life
Kohlbergs development model
Moral development
Preconventional stage
0-4 yo
- punishment and obedience,, what is right avoids punishment
- interpersonal exchange,, what is fair
Fueled by external consequences
Conventional stage
5-12 yo
- social approval,, what is socially acceptable is right
- preservation of order/societal structure,, obey a rule because you are glad the rule exists
Conformity, roles, and rules
Post conventional
13-adult
- legal principles/social contract,, follow your morals but not necessarily the rules
- universal ethical principles, broader concepts of moral beliefs
Fairness, justice, and individual rights
Hienz dilemma
A story used for moral reasoning
Gillian’s critique of kohlberg
There are gender differences and ethics of care
The way you morally reason is based on how you were socially taught to
Maturation
Physical changes that occur as you age (childhood-adulthood)
Ie) hair color,, height,, weight
Emerging adulthood
20s-30s
Brain is fully formed (frontal lobe) and there is decreased brain plasticity. Not a lot of cognitive or physical changes happen
Middle adulthood
(30s-50s)
Physical changes: grey hair,, more brittle bones,, menopause in women
Cognitive changes: fluid intelligence peaks,, dementia
Dementia
Loss of cognitive abilities, usually memory 1st,, degeneration of cells throughout the brain (Alzheimer’s)
late adulthood
activity theory of aging and the stages of grief
the activity theory of aging
people should try to maintain their lifestyle as much into old age as possible to prevent much mental decline
the stages of grief and or dying:
DABDA Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
what are the critiques of the Kubler-Ross’s stages of grief?
people can experience the stages in different orders and for different times
phoneme
smallest unit of speech- single/groups of letters that make noise, but do not have meaning
morpheme
the smallest meaningful unit of language (prefix or suffix)
grammar
the organizational principles of language
semantics
the meaning of language in a context (base v. base)
pragmatics
having social intelligence in a social context
syntax
the structure of a sentence
language development at 0-4 months
random sounds
lang. development at 4-10 months
babbling stage: repeat the most commonly heard sounds
lang. development at 12-24 months
one word stage: using single words with meaning
lang. development at 24 months
two word stage: use two connected words with meaning
and
telegraphic speech: first stage of grammar
language development at 24 months and on
rapid language development
what is the critical period?
the time at which children have the highest capacity to learn linguistics (0-7 years old ish)
motherese
the universal tone/language that mothers use to talk to their babies
multilingualism
children unconsciously categorize the different phonemes from different languages
can animals have language
yes
noam chomsky
linguistics and political philosopher,, favors the critical period theory
universal grammar
the idea that humans are genetically predisposed the the development of language
language determinism (Benjamin Lee Whorf)
language influences what people think, language determines what you can think
linguistic interference
although language plays a part in our world view, it is not the sole factor
diana baumrind
parenting style
carol gilligan
criticized kohlberg: gender differences and social moral learning
konrad lorenz
theory of imprinting
Benjamin lee whorf
linguistic determinism
