Social Psychology Unit Test Flashcards
attribution theory
tendency to give a casual explanation for someones behavior attributing it to external factors
fundamental attribution error
tendency for observers when analyzing others to underestimate the impact of situation and oversestimate disposition
actor observer bias
fundamental att. error and self serving bias together
self effacign bias
to downplay success by attributing it to external causes
self serving bias
if our behaviors are annoying to others it’s situation and not disposition
halo effect
first impressions matter
self handicapping
a person offers a preliminary excuse to fall back on if they fail
components of an attitude
Attitude,, behavior,, cognition (ABC)
implicit attitude
automtic and unconscious beliefs (attitudes we’re unaware of)
explicit attitudes
conscious beliefs that we are aware of
self fulfilling prophecy
when our attitudes about another person, group, or ourselves leads us to act in a way that brings out the behaviors that will back up our attitudes
central route persuasion
when interested ppl focus on the arguments and facts people respond with favorable thoughts
peripheral route persuasion
people are influenced by incidental cues (perfume ad)
cognitive dissonance
holding different and conflicting beliefs, there is tension or anxiety when the two beliefs conflict (people are more likely to ignore new information when this happens) (Festinger experiement)
reciprocity norm
tendency to respond to others as they have acted toward you (smiling back a someone in the hall)
foot in the door method
following up a smaller request with an even bigger one
door in the face
following up an extravagant request with a smaller request
low ball
pitching an attractive offer then raising the price with the sole aim of making a profit
groupthink
people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts
deindividuation
a lack of individual responsibility that comes from being in a crowd
social facilitation
the tendency for th presence of other ppl to have a positive impact on the completion of an easy task
social inhibition
presence of ppl has a negative effect on the performance of an easy task (stage fright)
social loafing
in a group when some members do not pull their weight because they can fall back on the group and still be successful
group polarization
the extreme strengthening of shared beliefs ( politcal parties)
in group bias
(US) social groups with whom a person identifies
out group
(THEM) social groups with whom a person does not identiy
prejudice and discrimination
treating certain groups differently
Prejudice
Affective, discrimination , stereotype
affective
(feelings about a group)
discrimination
treatment of one another
stereotype
cognitive thoughts about people in a group (all football players are dumb)
just world phenomenon
karma,, thinking that the world is fair and people get what they work for
scapegoat theory
prejudice provides an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame
other rae effect
tendency to remember faces of ones own race better than the faces of other races
out group homogeneity bias
out groups are more similar than we (in group) are
ethnocentric
belief of the superiority of ur culture over others
social trap
individuals can cooperate or they can compete
commons dilemma
individuals in a group each make decisions out of self interest and it causes harm to the group (tragedy of the commons)
public goods dilemma
a situation in which the whole group can benefit if some members give something for the common good
prisoners dilemma
choosing between loyalty and snitching for self benefit , when your also considering the outcome of another person making the same decision
aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or defeat another person
instrumental aggression
goal is not to cause harm (football)
hostile aggression
goal is to cause harm,, stems from anger
influences on aggression
amygdala, limbic system, testosterone overload, or a serotonin deficiency
frustration aggression principle
when a goal is out of reach aggression is brought out
social script
exposure to something increases our chances to participate in it (children seeng violence in video games and tv)
influencing factors of attraction
proximity, attractiveness, and similarity
mere exposure effect
to novel stimuli increases attraction,, you are more likely to be attracted to someone the more exposure you have to them
Sternbergs Triarchic Theory
triangle between liking, passion, and commitment
altruism
prosocial behavior done with no expectations of reward and there is possible risky behavior involved (volntr. fire dept.)
reciprocity norm
we should return help to those who gave us help
social exchange theory
if the reward outweights the cost then you will help
social responsibility norm
we should help even if the costs outweigh the benefits
defensive attribution
fear that something bad may happen to you if you go to help
diffusion of responsibility
everyone else will help
bystander effect
(Kitty genovese) the presence of other people has a big impact on our decision to help or not
contact theory
prejudice about a group diminishes when contact increases (cultural diffusion)
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences and require cooperation (sports teams)
obedience
behavior chance in response to a demand from an authoritative figure (milgram shock study) (65%)
factors that increase obedience
authority figure status
prestige of institution
proximity
uniform
conformity based on desire to fulfil others expectation and be liked
normative social influence
informational social influence
conformity from evidence and facts (desire to be right) bandwagon fans
factors increasing conformity
large group size unanimous increase ambiguity admiration of group no strong prior commitment being observed
