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AP Psychology > Unit 2 Review > Flashcards

Unit 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a schema

A

identifies how individual concepts are represented and organized into categories. (note: it does not however about how thinking one concept will activate thinking of another concept)
(also note: chunking and schema are not the same thing)

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2
Q

what is an association network

A

predicts that the activation of a concept will also activate related concepts

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3
Q

example of a schema

A

Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water

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4
Q

what is source monitoring?

A

the ability to track the origin of a piece of information

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5
Q

when are people the most susceptible to false memories?

A

in their childhood

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6
Q

confirmation bias

A

can be categorized as picking a theory and then only choosing moments of evidence that specifically back up that theory

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7
Q

executive function

A

related to working memory capacity (note: emotional intelligence is NOT related to executive function)

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8
Q

Practical intelligence

A

relates to ones environment (note: does not relate to solving a problem)

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9
Q

creative intelligence

A

Sternberg defined it as using ones prior knowledge to solve current problems

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10
Q

inter rater reliability

A

refers to having all people score the test in the same fashion to ensure reliability What

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11
Q

What did Chomsky believe about childrens speech patterns?

A

He believed that their mistakes were due to an over regularization

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12
Q

what should you look at if it talks about changing language?

A

grammar rules NOT vocab

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13
Q

Sensory Memory

A

lasts less than a second,, a lot of it gets “thrown in the trash”
two types:
iconic-visual
echoic-auditory

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14
Q

Short Term Memory

A

your present consciousness (what your thinking rn)

5-9 things at a time,, magic number is 7

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15
Q

Long Term Memory

A

There are many different types

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16
Q

episodic long term memory

A

recollection of a series of events,, part of the explicit part of the memory

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17
Q

flashbulb long term memory

A

memory of a specific highly emotional event,, also a part of the explicit memory

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18
Q

semantic long term memory

A

knowing info based on its true meaning (ex. knowing all of the state capitals)

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19
Q

procedural long term memory

A

memory of how to do something physically,, muscle memory

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20
Q

parallel processing

A

the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimulus of differing quality at one time
(ie. looking at and listening to something at the same time)

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21
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

a type of deep encoding,, connecting info in order to remember it better

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22
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating info to remember things SHORT TERM

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23
Q

shallow encoding

A

knowing the surface level of things

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24
Q

deep encoding (semantic)

A

knowing info based on its true meaning

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25
Q

automatic processing

A

accidental processing,, unintentional encoding

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26
Q

effortful processing

A

intentional encoding

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27
Q

retreival

A

getting info from our memory

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28
Q

recall

A

process of retrieving info on your own from your long term memory

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29
Q

recognition

A

when you sense a stimulus to identify something in the long term term memory

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30
Q

chunking

A

the process by which we group things together to better remember them

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31
Q

priming

A

when a prev. experience unconsciously influences your perception of a stimulus,, it is a type of implicit memory

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32
Q

spacing effect

A

the notion that retrieval will improve after a break or sleeping

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33
Q

distributed practice

A

spaced out sessions of encoding

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34
Q

massed practice

A

one large encoding session all at once

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35
Q

context effect

A

retrieval is better in the same place that the encoding happened

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36
Q

state dependent memory

A

retrieval is better in the same psychological condition as encoding happened (mood dependent)

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37
Q

method of loci

A

picture a familiar place visually place items in the space that queue the memory

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38
Q

self reference effect

A

memory is improved when we can relate info or things to our own life/experiences

39
Q

testing effect

A

retrieval practice is a more effective method of encoding than repetition (ie. flashcards)

40
Q

organic disorder

A

amnesia usually results from injury to the brain

41
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

cannot encode new memories after injury/accident (dory)

42
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

cannot retrieve long term memories prior to accident

43
Q

proactive intrferance

A

previously learned memories inhibit recall of new memories

44
Q

retroactive interferance

A

new memories block the recall of old memories

45
Q

PORN

A

Proactive
Old mems block new
Retrograde
New mems block old

46
Q

serial position effect,, primacy and recency

A

the position of the pattern of remembrance,, when trying yo remember sequence of info, beginning and end are easier retrieved
primacy- what we heard first (remember beginning)
recency- what we heard last (remember end)

47
Q

source amnesia

A

recognizing a stimulus, but not knowing the contect of the stimulus : “where do I know that person from?”

48
Q

motivated forgetting

A

cannot retrieve memories that we aren’t really motivated to retrieve ie) all of my relationship with david (sry not sry)

49
Q

Hermann Ebbighaus forgetting curve

A

When rehersing info more the slope/rate of forgetting goes down

50
Q

long term potentiation (Lashley, Kandel)

A

neural connections in the brain grow stronger when they are used more (use it or lose it)

51
Q

hippocampus

A

responsible for storage and process of explicit memory

52
Q

cerebellum

A

procedural memories stored here,, also balance and large movement

53
Q

misinformation effect

A

broad phenomenon that memory can be incorrect (ex. memory=wikipedia)

54
Q

framing effects

A

the wording of a question of any specific retrieval queue can change someones memory of an event

55
Q

schema

A

mental categories, building blocks for thought how we organize info (example, school: psychology thoughts an math thoughts are all grouped together)

56
Q

hierarchies

A

the way we mentally categorize the categories of schema (ex. you have school friends and family friends) that would be a hierarchy

57
Q

prototype

A

the first example of a schema that comes to mind from an external stimulus or queue )ex. when someone asks me a restaurant I think of Panera first because I work there)

58
Q

mental set

A

framework for thinking abt a problem based on what has worked before

59
Q

functional fixation

A

to only use an object for its intended purpose

60
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to attend to info that supportive previously held beliefs (ex. cnn v. fox news)

61
Q

belief perseverance

A

the tendency to cling to beliefs when there is info that proves them wrong (ex. trumpies and the election)

62
Q

gamblers fallcy

A

predict a future event based on past events even though each event has its own probability (ex. I flipped heads 3 times, so next time it will def be tails)

63
Q

overconfidence

A

we assume we understand more about the world than we do (ex. drawing a bike from memory)

64
Q

heuristic

A

trying to find a mental shortcut,, general rule of thumb,, jumping to a conclusion

65
Q

availability heuristic

A

the tendency to make decisions based on information most familiar to us (ex. i before e except after c)

66
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

to make a decision based on a prototype (ex. the lifeboat activity)

67
Q

anchoring heuristics

A

an initial # primes ones evaluation or estimation of a later value (a car dealership setting original prices)

68
Q

algorithm

A

a step by step guaranteed method to solve a problem

69
Q

insight

A

the immediate realization of an idea or solution to a problem (aha moment)

70
Q

convergent thinking

A

cognition that leads to a single correct solution

71
Q

divergent thinking

A

to come up with multiple solutions-creative approach

72
Q

general propositions

A

quantitative vale that indicates overall intelligence

73
Q

“g”

A

general overall iq (multiple variables)

74
Q

factor analysis

A

small categories that are measurable,, statistical methods that takes a broad concept and breaks it into categories that can be measured

75
Q

savant syndrome

A

a syndrome where prodigious talent can occur in people with developmental conditions

76
Q

grit,, Angela Duckworth

A

passion and perseverance in the long term

77
Q

Spearman

A

“g” factor- 2 factor model,, believed that intelligence was innate and there was only 1 intelligence
- only focused on the genetic component

78
Q

Thurstone

A 
7 primary abilities, contradicted Spearman
1. verbal/linguistic intelligence
2. spatial
3. inductive reasoning
4. numerical 
5. word fluency 
6. associative memory
7. perceptual speed
Pros: proposed multiple intelligences
Cons: 7 categories didnt work
79
Q

Gardner

A 
- greater focus on human adaptability 
8 multiple intelligence's: 
1. verbal/linguistic intelligence
2. logical/math intelligence 
3. visual/spatial intelligence
4. bodily intelligence
5. musical/rhythmic intelligence
6. intrapersonal intelligence
7. Interpersonal intel.
8. naturalist intel. 
-studied the whole spectrum of the population,, but it was really hard to measure
80
Q

Sternberg

A

Triarchic Theory- agrees with Gardner and clusters into broader intelligence

  1. analytical (book smart)
  2. Creative (allows to adapt to novel situations)
  3. Practical (street smarts)
81
Q

achievement testing

A

assesses what a person has learned (AP Testing)

82
Q

aptitude testing

A

designed to predict a students future performance (ACT)

83
Q

Standardization

A

test is given to representative sample first and the standard deviations are set

84
Q

a normal IQ test always has a mean of - and a SD of -

A

100 and 15

85
Q

Binet Simon Testing

A
  • made by Afred Binet
  • assesses skills and knowledge to determine mental age
  • mental age > actual age = advanced
  • mental age < actual age = challenged
  • measures a childs mental age tests attention, memory, and problem solving skills
86
Q

Stanford Binet

A
  • made by Louis Therman and Alfred Binet
  • designed to find peoples IQ
  • formula: mental age/chronological age x100 = IQ
  • over 100=intelligent
  • under 100= behind
  • the test was also converted to represent american culture
87
Q

Army Alpha Beta Test

A
  • used by the army to see what type of training a recruit will need
  • alpha is verbal
  • beta is non verbal
  • if you did bad on the alpha test then you went to complete the beta test and if you failed then you were considered stupid basically
88
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A
  • made by David Weschler
  • measured IQ through performance based tasks
  • shows a verbal IQ, performance IQ, and overall IQ
89
Q

cohort

A

a same group of people

90
Q

cultural intelligence

A

the idea that a persons culture effects the outcomes of intelligence tests

91
Q

statistical bias

A

expected value of results differs from the parameter being estimated

92
Q

flynn effect

A

average IQ had consistently risen since about the 1940’s

93
Q

stereotype threat

A

individual is reminded of a generalization about their social group and their performance fulfills that generalization

AP Psychology (23 decks)

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