Unit 2 Review Flashcards
what is a schema
identifies how individual concepts are represented and organized into categories. (note: it does not however about how thinking one concept will activate thinking of another concept)
(also note: chunking and schema are not the same thing)
what is an association network
predicts that the activation of a concept will also activate related concepts
example of a schema
Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water
what is source monitoring?
the ability to track the origin of a piece of information
when are people the most susceptible to false memories?
in their childhood
confirmation bias
can be categorized as picking a theory and then only choosing moments of evidence that specifically back up that theory
executive function
related to working memory capacity (note: emotional intelligence is NOT related to executive function)
Practical intelligence
relates to ones environment (note: does not relate to solving a problem)
creative intelligence
Sternberg defined it as using ones prior knowledge to solve current problems
inter rater reliability
refers to having all people score the test in the same fashion to ensure reliability What
What did Chomsky believe about childrens speech patterns?
He believed that their mistakes were due to an over regularization
what should you look at if it talks about changing language?
grammar rules NOT vocab
Sensory Memory
lasts less than a second,, a lot of it gets “thrown in the trash”
two types:
iconic-visual
echoic-auditory
Short Term Memory
your present consciousness (what your thinking rn)
5-9 things at a time,, magic number is 7
Long Term Memory
There are many different types
episodic long term memory
recollection of a series of events,, part of the explicit part of the memory
flashbulb long term memory
memory of a specific highly emotional event,, also a part of the explicit memory
semantic long term memory
knowing info based on its true meaning (ex. knowing all of the state capitals)
procedural long term memory
memory of how to do something physically,, muscle memory
parallel processing
the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimulus of differing quality at one time
(ie. looking at and listening to something at the same time)
elaborative rehearsal
a type of deep encoding,, connecting info in order to remember it better
maintenance rehearsal
repeating info to remember things SHORT TERM
shallow encoding
knowing the surface level of things
deep encoding (semantic)
knowing info based on its true meaning
automatic processing
accidental processing,, unintentional encoding
effortful processing
intentional encoding
retreival
getting info from our memory
recall
process of retrieving info on your own from your long term memory
recognition
when you sense a stimulus to identify something in the long term term memory
chunking
the process by which we group things together to better remember them
priming
when a prev. experience unconsciously influences your perception of a stimulus,, it is a type of implicit memory
spacing effect
the notion that retrieval will improve after a break or sleeping
distributed practice
spaced out sessions of encoding
massed practice
one large encoding session all at once
context effect
retrieval is better in the same place that the encoding happened
state dependent memory
retrieval is better in the same psychological condition as encoding happened (mood dependent)
method of loci
picture a familiar place visually place items in the space that queue the memory
self reference effect
memory is improved when we can relate info or things to our own life/experiences
testing effect
retrieval practice is a more effective method of encoding than repetition (ie. flashcards)
organic disorder
amnesia usually results from injury to the brain
anterograde amnesia
cannot encode new memories after injury/accident (dory)
retrograde amnesia
cannot retrieve long term memories prior to accident
proactive intrferance
previously learned memories inhibit recall of new memories
retroactive interferance
new memories block the recall of old memories
PORN
Proactive
Old mems block new
Retrograde
New mems block old
serial position effect,, primacy and recency
the position of the pattern of remembrance,, when trying yo remember sequence of info, beginning and end are easier retrieved
primacy- what we heard first (remember beginning)
recency- what we heard last (remember end)
source amnesia
recognizing a stimulus, but not knowing the contect of the stimulus : “where do I know that person from?”
motivated forgetting
cannot retrieve memories that we aren’t really motivated to retrieve ie) all of my relationship with david (sry not sry)
Hermann Ebbighaus forgetting curve
When rehersing info more the slope/rate of forgetting goes down
long term potentiation (Lashley, Kandel)
neural connections in the brain grow stronger when they are used more (use it or lose it)
hippocampus
responsible for storage and process of explicit memory
cerebellum
procedural memories stored here,, also balance and large movement
misinformation effect
broad phenomenon that memory can be incorrect (ex. memory=wikipedia)
framing effects
the wording of a question of any specific retrieval queue can change someones memory of an event
schema
mental categories, building blocks for thought how we organize info (example, school: psychology thoughts an math thoughts are all grouped together)
hierarchies
the way we mentally categorize the categories of schema (ex. you have school friends and family friends) that would be a hierarchy
prototype
the first example of a schema that comes to mind from an external stimulus or queue )ex. when someone asks me a restaurant I think of Panera first because I work there)
mental set
framework for thinking abt a problem based on what has worked before
functional fixation
to only use an object for its intended purpose
confirmation bias
the tendency to attend to info that supportive previously held beliefs (ex. cnn v. fox news)
belief perseverance
the tendency to cling to beliefs when there is info that proves them wrong (ex. trumpies and the election)
gamblers fallcy
predict a future event based on past events even though each event has its own probability (ex. I flipped heads 3 times, so next time it will def be tails)
overconfidence
we assume we understand more about the world than we do (ex. drawing a bike from memory)
heuristic
trying to find a mental shortcut,, general rule of thumb,, jumping to a conclusion
availability heuristic
the tendency to make decisions based on information most familiar to us (ex. i before e except after c)
representativeness heuristic
to make a decision based on a prototype (ex. the lifeboat activity)
anchoring heuristics
an initial # primes ones evaluation or estimation of a later value (a car dealership setting original prices)
algorithm
a step by step guaranteed method to solve a problem
insight
the immediate realization of an idea or solution to a problem (aha moment)
convergent thinking
cognition that leads to a single correct solution
divergent thinking
to come up with multiple solutions-creative approach
general propositions
quantitative vale that indicates overall intelligence
“g”
general overall iq (multiple variables)
factor analysis
small categories that are measurable,, statistical methods that takes a broad concept and breaks it into categories that can be measured
savant syndrome
a syndrome where prodigious talent can occur in people with developmental conditions
grit,, Angela Duckworth
passion and perseverance in the long term
Spearman
“g” factor- 2 factor model,, believed that intelligence was innate and there was only 1 intelligence
- only focused on the genetic component
Thurstone
7 primary abilities, contradicted Spearman 1. verbal/linguistic intelligence 2. spatial 3. inductive reasoning 4. numerical 5. word fluency 6. associative memory 7. perceptual speed Pros: proposed multiple intelligences Cons: 7 categories didnt work
Gardner
- greater focus on human adaptability 8 multiple intelligence's: 1. verbal/linguistic intelligence 2. logical/math intelligence 3. visual/spatial intelligence 4. bodily intelligence 5. musical/rhythmic intelligence 6. intrapersonal intelligence 7. Interpersonal intel. 8. naturalist intel. -studied the whole spectrum of the population,, but it was really hard to measure
Sternberg
Triarchic Theory- agrees with Gardner and clusters into broader intelligence
- analytical (book smart)
- Creative (allows to adapt to novel situations)
- Practical (street smarts)
achievement testing
assesses what a person has learned (AP Testing)
aptitude testing
designed to predict a students future performance (ACT)
Standardization
test is given to representative sample first and the standard deviations are set
a normal IQ test always has a mean of - and a SD of -
100 and 15
Binet Simon Testing
- made by Afred Binet
- assesses skills and knowledge to determine mental age
- mental age > actual age = advanced
- mental age < actual age = challenged
- measures a childs mental age tests attention, memory, and problem solving skills
Stanford Binet
- made by Louis Therman and Alfred Binet
- designed to find peoples IQ
- formula: mental age/chronological age x100 = IQ
- over 100=intelligent
- under 100= behind
- the test was also converted to represent american culture
Army Alpha Beta Test
- used by the army to see what type of training a recruit will need
- alpha is verbal
- beta is non verbal
- if you did bad on the alpha test then you went to complete the beta test and if you failed then you were considered stupid basically
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
- made by David Weschler
- measured IQ through performance based tasks
- shows a verbal IQ, performance IQ, and overall IQ
cohort
a same group of people
cultural intelligence
the idea that a persons culture effects the outcomes of intelligence tests
statistical bias
expected value of results differs from the parameter being estimated
flynn effect
average IQ had consistently risen since about the 1940’s
stereotype threat
individual is reminded of a generalization about their social group and their performance fulfills that generalization
