Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Flashcards
what is instinct theory?
the evolutionary perspective,, people are motivated to behave in certain because they are evolutionarily or genetically programmed to do so (survival instincts) (aka I eat bc I am hungry and I do not want to starve)
what is the incentive theory?
we are pulled to an action bc of positive or negative outside incentives
what is the yerkes-dodson law?
increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up until a certain point at the point when arousal becomes excessive: performance diminishes
what is Maslows hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, and the top needs cannot be fulfilled unless the bottom needs are
what are the levels of Maslows pyramid?
psychological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love, esteem needs, and self actualization
what is self efficacy?
a persons belief in their ability to succeed
what is the hypothalamus?
most of the biological feeling of hunger comes from this brain structure
what is the lateral hypothalamus?
the on button for eating
what is the ventromedial hypothalamus?
the off button be eating
what is the overjustifiction effect?
the phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action,, an artist enjoys doing art less now that it is their job and they are being paid for it
what is an approach approach conflict?
conflict within a person where he or she needs to decide between two appealing goals (picking a college)
what is an avoidance avoidance conflict?
making a decision between two bad choices (running or extra practice)
what is approach avoidance?
conflict involves making decisions that have both positive and negative consequences (pros and cons)
what is the sexual response cycle?
the stages that humans go through during sexual interaction
what is the display rule?
a social group or cultures informal norms about how to appropriately express emotions (machismo)
what is the common sense theory?
the theory in which an emotion which then leads to bodily arousal through the bodily nervous system (I get mad and then my blood pressure rises)
what is the james lange theory of emotions?
emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events
what is the facial feedback hypothesis
the idea that facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions (I smile so then I become happier)
what is the cannon bard theory of emotions?
suggests that physical and psychological experiences happen simultaneously (one does not cause the other)
what is the schachter singer two factor theory
the physiological arousal occurs first and then the individual has to then identify the possible emotional reason why.
what is distress
occurs when people experience unpleasant and undesirable situations
what is general adaptation syndrome?
researched by hans selye, the three stages of the bodies psychological reaction to stress
1. alarm 2. resistance 3.exhaustion
what is a locus of control?
refers to the extent to which people feel that they have control over the events that influence their life
what is an internal locus of control?
you believe you have control over what happens to you
what is an external locus of control?
you blame outside circumstances for what happens to you
what are freuds 3 psychoanalytic theory?
id, ego, and superego
what is the ID
the Id is part of the human personality that is made of all our inborn biological urges that go unchecked,, (pleasure principle,, immediate gratification)
what is the Ego?
the ego is the largely conscious part of the personality that mediates among the demands of the Id, super ego, and reality
what is the Superego?
the superego is the part of the personality tat represents internalized ideas and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations (morality)
what are freuds defense mechanisms
repression displacement projection projection regression denial rationalization reaction formation
what is repression
acts to keep information out of our conscious awareness
what is displacement?
involves taking out our frustrations on something less threatenting (a parent taking their work anger out on their child instead of their boss)
what is projection
putting our feelings on other people
what is regression
when confronted with stressful events, people sometimes regress and revert to patterns of behavior in earlier development (crying and throwing a fit as an adult)
what is denial
functions to protect the ego from things with which the individual cannot cope
what is rationalization
involves explaining an unacceptable behavior in a rational manner avoiding the true reason
what is reaction formation
reduces anxiety by taking the opposite feeling or behavior of the impulse
5 factor model
trait theory of personality that includes:
- openness
- conscientiousness
- extroversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
