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AP Psychology > Unit 5 Sensation and Perception Test > Flashcards

Unit 5 Sensation and Perception Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

hearing, taste, touch, vision, smell: the body detecting stimuli from the environment around us

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2
Q

perception

A

the body organizing and interpreting the stimuli you are receiving from the word around you.

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3
Q

Sensory receptors

A

these are the cells that translate and environmental stimulus into a neural message

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4
Q

transduction

A

translation of an environmental stimulus into a neural message

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5
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of how environmental stimuli translate into psychological experience

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6
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of of stimulus that can be affected 50% of the time (the pen clicking in the hallway)

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7
Q

difference threshold

A

(the Just Noticeable difference) the smallest amount of change in an existing stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time (the audio that we listened to in class)

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8
Q

sensory adaptation

A

when a stimulus is unchanging, your sensory neurons stop sending that information to the brain

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9
Q

cocktail party phenomenon

A

we can focus on a single stimulus among many stimulus and filter out what is not important.

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10
Q

sensory deprivation

A

lack of stimulation to one or more of your senses

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11
Q

sensory overload ex) a concert

A

excessive stimulation to one or more senses

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12
Q

signal detection theory

A

detection of stimuli based on

  1. experience,, have you seen this stimulus before?
  2. motivation,, is there an incentive to noticing the stim?
  3. expectations,, are you anticipating the stim?
  4. level of fatigue,, are you tired or awake?
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13
Q

hit

A

yes signal,, yes response (phone rings, and you pick it up)

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14
Q

miss

A

yes signal,, no response (phone rings, and you do not pick it up)

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15
Q

false alarm

A

no signal,, yes response (the phone does not ring, and you pick it up anyways)

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16
Q

correct rejection

A

no signal, no response (the phone does not ring, and you do not pick it up)

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17
Q

cornea

A

clear outermost area of your eye

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18
Q

pupil

A

hole through which light enters

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19
Q

iris

A

colored part,, determines how much light enters

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20
Q

lens

A

clear structure behind the iris,, focuses the light

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21
Q

accommodation

A

change in thickness of the lens as the eye focuses

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22
Q

myopia

A

near sighted (flat horizontal) you have myopia

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23
Q

hyperopia

A

far sighted (flat vertically)

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24
Q

astigmatism

A

slightly misshapen cornea

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25
Q

retina

A

the final stop for light in the eye TRANSDUCTION

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26
Q

photoreceptors

A

responds to various light waves,, transduce light into a neural message

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27
Q

rods

A

visual sensory receptors at the periphery of the retina (sees light and dark (non color), movement, and contrast)

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28
Q

cones

A

visual sensory receptors at the back of the retina (color vision, and sharpness)

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29
Q

fovea

A

concentration of cones

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30
Q

optic disc

A

(the blind spot) transduction cannot happen because there are no photo receptors in this part of the eye

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31
Q

bipolar cells

A

transmit info from the rods and cones to the ganglion cells

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32
Q

ganglion cells

A

from the optic nerve, sends images to the brain

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33
Q

optic nerve

A

bundle of ganglion cell axons

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34
Q

optic chiasm

A

optic nerve visual fields crossing over to process in the occipital lobe

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35
Q

thalamus

A

brain sensory switchboard ( no smell)

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36
Q

occipital lobe

A

the lobe that processes vision,, in the back of the brain

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37
Q

feature detectors,, hubel and wiesel

A

mechanisms within our human info processing system that distinguishes features

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38
Q

prosopagnosis

A

photoreceptors used in facial recognition are not there or damaged

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39
Q

synesthesia

A

the layering of different sense,, ie associating colors with sounds

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40
Q

wavelength

A

measure from crest to crest or trough to trough

shorter= close to blue/violet,, longer=red

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41
Q

Properties of light

A

wavelength, hue, complexity (combo of waves), saturation (strength of a color), amplitude (height of wave),brightness (dictated by amplitude

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42
Q

trichromatic theory (young theory)

A

neural processing of color happens in the retina and it uses cones

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43
Q

opponent process theory (hering)

A

neural processing of color happens in the retinas and the visual cortex (lateral inhibition)

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44
Q

after image

A

visual illusion in which retinal impressions persist after removal of the stimulus

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45
Q

lateral inhibition

A

neurons response to a stim. is inhibited by the excitation of a neighboring neuron

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46
Q

integrated explanation

A

both young and hering theories are true

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47
Q

visual dominance

A

we believe what we see over what we hear

48
Q

properties of sound

A

amplitude (loudness, height), loudness (high and loud), frequency (pitch and length in between), pitch, complexity, timbre (quality of sound)

49
Q

frequency theory

A

we perceive pitch bc of the cilia vibrate at the same taste as the sound waves

50
Q

place theory

A

there are specific areas along the basilar membrane that that are sensitive to pitches

51
Q

pinna

A

the cartilage covered in skin

52
Q

tympanic membrane

A

aka eardrum,, vibrates to amplify sounds

53
Q

bones

A

malleus incus and stapes vibrate to amplify sounds

54
Q

chochlea

A

wound up fluid filled tube (containes the basilar membrane and cilia)

55
Q

basilar membrane

A

thin tube inside the cochlea that is lined with cilia

56
Q

hair cells (cilia)

A

TRANSDUCTION finger looking things,, line basilar membrane

57
Q

auditory nerve

A

sends auditory messages to the thalamus

58
Q

order of hearing

A

ear to thalamus to temporal lobe

59
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage or death of the cilia

60
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

damage to the middle ear

61
Q

olfaction

A

smell

62
Q

mucus membrane

A

allows chemicals from the air to be disolved and more easily read by the cilia

63
Q

cranial nerve

A

sends smell info to the olfactory bulb. Then to the brain

64
Q

cilia (in the nose)

A

TRANSDUCTION pretty much same as the ear

65
Q

olfactory bulb

A

the forebrain structure that processes s,ell

66
Q

gustation

A

taste

67
Q

taste receptors

A

tastebuds TRANSDUCTION

68
Q

papillae

A

clump of taste receptors

69
Q

taste qualities

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

70
Q

additional influences on taste

A

actual taste,, olfaction, somatosensory input (texture), temp, vision

71
Q

touch receptors

A

TRANSDUCTION sensory neurons at the surface of a cell

72
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sensory neurons that sense temp

73
Q

pain

A

unpleasant psychological of physiological sensation (pros and cons) keeps us safe but also can be useless

74
Q

gate control theory

A

theory to minimize pain: add sensory stimulation to area of pain or provide a cognitive distraction

75
Q

substance P

A

pain neurotransmitter

76
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

awareness of the movements and location of body parts

77
Q

proprioceptors

A

special sensory neurons in joints and muscles,, their purposes is to signal to the brain the position and location of your body

78
Q

vestibular sense

A

awarenes of spatial orientation and balance

79
Q

semicircular canals

A

provide vestibular sene

80
Q

selective attential

A

singular focus on one stimulus that tends to result in change blindness

81
Q

change blindness

A

tendency to miss change in the environment due to seletive attention

82
Q

stroop test

A

the test that has the colors of the words

83
Q

perceptual constancy

A

brains learned abilit to adapt the raw image to a logical interpretation of the environment

84
Q

size constancy

A

objects farther away appear smaller and objects closer appear bigger

85
Q

shape constancy

A

objects maintain shape regardless of angle

86
Q

color constancy

A

color persists despite change in light

87
Q

perceptual adaptations

A

a consistent shift in your perceptive field allows your brain to adjust and correctly view the stimulus

88
Q

bottom up processing

A

circumstance in which you have no perceptive set to interpret stimulus (stepping on a lego in the dark) you see that understand

89
Q

top down processing

A

when u use a perceptual set to interpret a stimulus (when your home alone every noise is a serial killer) you understand before you see or you do them at the sam e time

90
Q

law of pragnanz

A

we naturally chunk stimuli

91
Q

muller lyer illusion

A

the two arrows with the different end point designs

92
Q

ponzo illusion

A

you see a higher line as longer because of the converging parallel lines that indicate depth to the brain

93
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to determine how far away something is

94
Q

monocular cues

A

understanding depth perception with 1 eye

95
Q

relative size

A

larger= close smaller= far

96
Q

relative heights

A

high= far low=close

97
Q

overlap

A

when one object blocks another the brain assumes that the front object is closer

98
Q

texture gradient

A

objects that appear more textured are perceived as closer than objects that are blurry and smoothed out

99
Q

linear perspective

A

converging lines in the visual fiels are interpretted as parallel lines leading into the distance

100
Q

motion parallax/relative motion

A

objects that appear to be moving more quickly are interpreted as close to the eye tan objects that appear to be moving more slowly

101
Q

occulomotor cues

A

movement in the eye (in the lens) is required

102
Q

accommodation

A

changing shape of the lens to focus

103
Q

convergence

A

degree of movement to which the eye must turn in to a focal point

104
Q

depth perception with 2 eyes

A

binocular cue

105
Q

binocular/retinal display

A

our eyes see two different things

106
Q

gestalt psychology

A

seeing and comprehending the bigger picture rather than seeing exactly what is there (closure, proximity, continuation, similarity, figure, ground)

107
Q

similarity

A

grouping by sameness,, we see things that look a like to be a group

108
Q

closure

A

the mind closes gaps in bits of info to make the group whole

109
Q

proximity

A

perceive things that are near each ther to be in a group

110
Q

continuity

A

we perceive continuous flowing lines where there may not be a full one in the visual field

111
Q

figure ground relationship

A

the mind can perceive the difference between the focal point and the background

112
Q

visual cliff

A

series of images that change slightly in rapid sequence perceived as motion

113
Q

motion perception

A

relies on signals from multiple sources including the visual vestibular and proprioceptive systems

114
Q

stroboscopic motion

A

images in quick secession give the illusion of movement

115
Q

phi phenomenon

A

illusion of movement through blinking lights

AP Psychology (23 decks)

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