Developmental Psychology Flashcards
what is a longitudinal study?
a study that follows the same group of people over a period of time from months to many years in order to evaluate changes in those individuals
what is a cross sectional study?
a type of study where people from different ages are examined at the same times
what is a cross sequential study?
individuals in a cross sectional sample are tested more than once over a specified period of time
what are erik eriksons psychosocial stages of development?
trust v mistrust autonomy v doubt initiative v guilt industry v inferiority identity v role confusion intimacy v isolation generativity v stagnation ego integrity
what is trust v. mistrust?
is this person good or bad?
what is autonomy v. doubt?
can I do this myself or am I dependent?
what is initiative v guilt?
am I good or bad?
what is industry v. inferiority
am I accomplished or am I inferior
what is identity v. role confusion
who am I?
what is intamacy v isolation?
will I ever find love?
what is generativity v. stagnation
did I contribute to society?
what is ego integrity?
did I like a good or bad life?
what is a teratogen?
any non genetic agent that produces birth defects at exposure
what is fetal alcohol syndrome?
cognitive, and physical abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol while pregnant
what is maturation?
genetic growth tendencies are inborn and determined by genetic makeup (sets the course of development which is then molded by life experience)
who was harry harlow?
a psychologist who conducted experiments on attachment and the importance of contact comfort
what studies did mary ainsworth conduct
the strange situation experiments with attachment styles
what is secure attachment? (most common)
infants explore, display high stranger anxiety, easy to calm and are enthusiastic on return to their caregiver
what is avoidant attachment?
infants explore, low stranger anxiety, unphased by separation, and avoid contact on return to their caregiver
what is anxious attachment?
unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by separation, and seek and reject contact on return of the caregiver
what is an authoritarian parenting style?
restrictive, allows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls that are placed on the child
what is a permissive parenting style?
few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude that is closer to a friend rather than a parent
what is an authoritative parenting style?
a style that is child centered, parents interact closely with their children, while also maintaining high expectations
what are piagets stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor stage
preoperational stage
concrete operational
formal operational
what are the details of the sensorimotor stage?
birth to 2,, infants use their senses and motor abilities to explore the world
- object permanence
what are the details of the preoperational stage?
2 to 7,, chidren begin to use language
- babbling stage
- one word stage
- egocentrism
- conservation
what is egocentrism?
the inability of a child in the preop stage to see any point of view other than their own (you must see what I see)
what is conservation?
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects (most kids lack this)
what are the details of the concrete operational stage?
6 to 11,, children gain mental operations that enable them to think about concrete items and logic
what is the formal operational stage
around 12,, think about abstract concepts
assimilation
interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
accomodation
adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information
what is the zone of proximal development
the range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of an adult
what is scaffolding
process in which a more skilled learner helps a less skilled learner, and reduces help as the less skilled becomes more capable (ex. a tutor)
what is gender identity?
the individuals sense f being male or female or both or neither,, from cultural and social expectations
what are gender roles?
set of expectations held by society about the ways that men and women should behave based on their gender
what is synaptic pruning?
the selective removal of neurons that are unnecessary to improve brain efficiency (during puberty)
what is adolescent egocentrism?
heightened self consciousness, belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves their sense of personal uniqueness and invulrerability (feeling like everyone is watching you)
stages in kholbergs development of moral reasoning
preconventional,, conventional,, postconventional
preconventional stage
punishment and avoidance,
getting what you want through a trade off
(you do the right thing bc of a reward or a punishment)
conventional stage
meeting the expectations of others, and upholding laws
postconventional stage
shared standards, rights and duties,
sense of democracy
self selection of universal principles
